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Conflict And Tension Flashcards

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1
Q

11th Nov 1918

A

Armistice signed and Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicates

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2
Q

Jan 1920

A

First meeting of League of Nations

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3
Q

Jan 1919

A

Paris Peace Conference

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4
Q

June 1919

A

Treaty of Versailles signed

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5
Q

August 1922

A

Washington Naval Agreement

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6
Q

October 1922

A

Mussolini becomes dictator after marching on Rome

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7
Q

Economic collapse in Austria and Hungary

A

1922-1923

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8
Q

Corfu Crisis

A

August 1923

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9
Q

Greek-Bulgarian Dispute

A

October 1925

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10
Q

The Locarno Treaties

A

October-December

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11
Q

Germany joins League of Nations

A

1926

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12
Q

Kellogg-Briand Pact

A

August 1928

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13
Q

Manchurian Crisis

A

September 1931

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14
Q

Wall Street Crash

A

October 1929

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15
Q

Adolf Hitler becomes Chancellor

A

January 1933

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16
Q

Hitler leaves Disarmament Conference

A

October 1933

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17
Q

Nazi party on Austria assassinate Austrian Chancellor Dollfuss

A

July 1934

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18
Q

Hitler invades Austria

A

March 1938

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19
Q

Munich Conference (Chamberlain meets Hitler over Sudeten Crisis)

A

September 1938

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20
Q

German troops invade and occupy Sudetenland

A

October 1938

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21
Q

USSR joins the League of Nations

A

September 1934

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22
Q

Rome-Berlin Axis agreed

A

October 1936

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23
Q

Italy join Anti-Comintern Pact

A

November 1936

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24
Q

Japan launch full-scale invasion on China

A

July 1937

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25
Q

Saar plebiscite (rejoin Germany)

A

January 1935

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26
Q

Hitler announces he has built the Luftwaffe
Conscription introduced
Remilitarisation of the Rhineland

A

March 1935

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27
Q

Anglo-German Naval Treaty

A

June 1935

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28
Q

Mussolini invades Abyssinia

A

October 1935

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29
Q

Hoare-Laval Pact leaked to press

A

December 1935

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30
Q

Germany and Italy sign the Pact of Steel

A

May 1939

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31
Q

Nazi-Soviet Pact signed

A

August 1939

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32
Q

Hitler invades Poland

Britain and France declare war

A

September 1939

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33
Q

Who were the big 3

A

George Clemenceau-France
Lloyd George-Britain
Woodrow Wilson-USA

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34
Q

Some of Wilson’s Fourteen Points

A

No secret treaties
Ships of all nations have the right to sail the seas without interference
Disarmament
Alsace-Lorraine returned to France
Self-determination in Austrio-Hungarian and Ottomon empires
Independent Polish state to be created
League of Nations to be formed

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35
Q

What was the aim of the Treaty of Versailles

A

To punish Germany and prevent them attacking France again by weakening them

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36
Q

Treaty of Versailles terms

A

Anschluss forbidde
League of Nations formed
Germany not allowed tanks, submarines or Air Force
Saar under control of League of Nations for 15 years
Lost 10% of land
Rhineland demilitarised
Article 231 war guilt clause
Navy limited to 15,000 men and 1500 officers and 6 battleships

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37
Q

What land did Germany lose in TofV

A 
Danzig made free city
African colonies given as mandates to LofN
Saar controlled by LofN for 15yrs
Alsace Lorraine returned to France
Eupen and Malmedy give to Belgium
North Schleswig given to Denmark
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38
Q

What were British opinions about the TofV

A

It was harsh and unfair

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39
Q

Revolts in Germany over food shortages and the war

A

October 1918

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40
Q

Kapp Putsch narrowly defeated

A

March 1920

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41
Q

LofN agrees Germany should pay £6,600 million in reparations

A

April 1921

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42
Q

Germany miss reparations payment, France invade Ruhr
Germany pays workers to strike
Germany’s economy crumbles

A

January 1923

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43
Q

Munich Putsch

Loaf of bread costs 200,000 million marks because if hyperinflation

A

November 1923

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44
Q

The Dawes Plan: America lends Germany 800 million gold marks to rebuild their economy

A

August 1924

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45
Q

Negative consequences of treaties signed at the end of WW1

A

Six million Germans lived outside of German territory-feared persecution
German families forced off land they had owned for generations
Germany’s defenders were weak
Causes of WW1 were complex, yet Germany and its allies forced to take full responsibility
Treaty was forced Diktat
Germany’s thought Treaty would be based on 14 points which were fair for all
Estimated reparations would be paid by 1980s

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46
Q

Significance of Treaty of Sèvres

A

Proved other treaties were unenforceable - when a country rebelled their was little that other countries could do
When British made fairer treaty it looked like they accepted it was too harsh and this undermined all the treaties
Mussolini and Hitler realised that they could get away with breaking international law

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47
Q

Aims of Clemenceau

A

Punishment and revenge
Protection and reduction if Germany’s military
Recover losses and reparations

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48
Q

Wilson’s aims

A

Self-determination
Start of LofN
Stop future wars

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49
Q

Lloyd George’s aims

A 
Revenge and reparations 
Naval supremacy 
Retain trade relationship with Germany 
Reduce German Empire and preserve British Empire
Reduce risk of another war
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50
Q

Aims of LofN

A

Stop war
Encourage disarmament
Improve working conditions
Tackle deadly diseases

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51
Q

Why was Wilson not involved in LofN

A

Senate refused to agree

People wanted to isolate themselves from Europe as many young Americans died in WW1

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52
Q

Where was LofN based

A

Geneva, Switzerland

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53
Q

How many joined LofN

A

When founded it had 42 members

Rise to 58 by 1934

54
Q

Fontainebleau Memorandum

When and what

A

25th March 1919

Said he completely supported the league

55
Q

How did the League plan to keep the peace

A

Collective security

Set up Permanent Court of International Justice

56
Q

If the League couldn’t settle disputes they turned to

A

The Covenant:
Mitigation-getting countries together and talking
Moral Condemnation
Economic Sanctions

57
Q

The Assembly

A

Met once a year
Each country had equal vote
In order to pass a vote the decision had to be unanimous
In charge of deciding when a new country could join, election of judges to Court of International Justice, voting for non-permanent council members, deciding how money will be spent

58
Q

The Council

A

Four permanent members: Britain, France, Italy and Japan
Started at 4 non-permanent to 9 non-permanent
Non-permanent sat for 3 years
Power of veto over Assembly

59
Q

Permanent Court of International Justice

A

Eleven judges and 4 deputy judges
Only gave advice not compulsory ruling (no army)
Elected by Assembly
Judges sat for 11 years

60
Q

Secretariat

A

Civil service
In charge of administration
Body of experts
Carried out decisions taken by the LofN

61
Q

Special Comissions

A 
International Labour Organisation 
Disarmament Commission 
Health Organisation 
Slavery commission 
Commission for Refugees
Permanent Central Opium Board
Other Commissions helped LEDC’s, minorities and supervised mandates
62
Q

Strengths of LofN

A

Written into all peace treaties at end of WW1- all nations signed agreement to recognise LofN
Vast membership
Moral condemnation and economic sanctions were daunting punishments

63
Q

Weaknesses of LofN

A

Many important countries didn’t join- eg USA, undermined LofN at global Organisation
No army
Structure was complicated and slowed decision making
Decisions had to be unanimous

64
Q

Successes of LofN International Labour Organisation

A

1922-recommended banning if white lead in paint
1930- helped Greece set up social insurance
1928-77 77 countries agreed to set minimum wage
Reduced death rate from 50% to 4% in Tanganyika railway slave labour

65
Q

Failures of LofN International Labour Organisation

A

1919- suggestion to stop children under 14 not adopted by many
1935- suggested working day should be limited to 8 hours, only 4 votes in favour

66
Q

Successes of LofN Comission for Refugees

A

1921- freed 428,000/500,000 WW1 war prisoners
1917- League helped 1.5mil people that had fled Russia find new homes
1922- Turkey vs Greece and forced people to flee to refugee camps, sent doctors to treat cholera and smallpox. 600,000 Greeks found homes between 1919-1923
Created Nansen passport for Refugees

67
Q

Failure of LofN Commission for Refugees

A

1933- tried to appoint High Commissioner for Jews fleeing Germany which Germany rejected

68
Q

Successes of LofN Slabery Commission

A

Organised raids on slave trader camps in Sierra Leone
200,000 freed
1927- Sierra Leone abolished slavery

69
Q

Successes and Failures of LofN Economic and Financial Committee

A

Sent financial experts to Austria and Hungary to rebuild economies
Developed importing and exporting codes

Couldn’t cope with Global Depression

70
Q

Successes of LofN Organisation for Communications and Transport

A

Introduced shipping lanes-fewer collisions

International Highway Code

71
Q

Successes of LofN Helath Committee

A

International campaign to kill mosquitoes, reduced malaria and yellow fever
Organised Russian education programme about typhus
Sent doctors to look after Refugees in Turkey in 1920s
Replaced by World Health Organisation which still exists today

72
Q

Successes and Failures of LofN Permanent Central Opium Board

A

Introduced system where companies needed certificate to import opium for medicinal purposes
Blacklisted four large companies involved in trading illegal drugs

Key members not dedicated as they made lots of money from selling opium

73
Q

Vilna Conflict

When and what

A

1920
Polish army took control of Lithuanian city
League told Poland to remove army but they refused
France refuses to help as Poland was a potential ally
Britain would not send troops alone
Did nothing

74
Q

Upper Silesia Conflict

When and what

A

1921-25
1921- plebiscite, 60% voted Germany and Poland complained so it was split: Germany-Rural areas and Poland- Industrial zones

75
Q

Åland Islands

When and what

A

1921
Claimed by both Sweden and Finland who threatened war
League investigated claims
Given to Finland but no forts could be built
Successful

76
Q

Corfu Crisis

When and what

A

1923
Boundaries of Greece and Albania were still uncertain
League gave job to Italian general whose team was murdered
Mussolini demanded compensation and murders to be excecuted
31st August- Mussolini invaded, 15 killed
Greece appealed to LofN
Mussolini appealed to big 4 to undermine LofN
Greece forced to apologise and pay compensation
LofN ignored and overturned

77
Q

Bulgarian Conflict when and what

A

1925
Greek soldiers killed on Bulgarian border
Greece invaded
Bulgaria appealed
Greece condemned and ordered to leave and pay compensation
Successful

78
Q

Why did people turn to extremist parties after 1929?

A

The Wall Street Crash>Depression

Lost faith in governments

79
Q

Locarno Treaties

When and what

A

1925
Streseman and Briand
7 treaties
Accepted borders defined by TofV
Agreed to settle disputes peacefully
Also signed by Britain, Italy, Belgium and Czech
Represented end of resentment toward TofV

80
Q

Kellogg-Briand Pact

When and What

A

1928
65 countries met in Paris
Independent from LofN
Makes LofN look unimportant

81
Q

Washington As Conference

When and what

A

1921-1922
Major countries like Britain, France and Japan
Decided Britain and USA could have same size navies, for every 5 tonnes their battleships weighed Japan could have 3 tonnes
Independent from LofN, shows attitudes and priorities

82
Q

Appeal of Hitler

A

‘Bread and work’
Germany wanted one strong leader
Promised to take land by force so population would have space, food and resources
Promised victories in war and to restore national pride distract people from home lives

83
Q

Manchurian Crisis timeline

A 
September 1931- Mukden Incident
1932:
Jan- invade
Feb-control most of Manchuria 
Mar- appeal to LofN
Apr-Lord Lytton arrives to start report
Oct-Luton Report condemns Japan
February 1933- LofN order Japan to withdraw, Japan leaves LofN and invades Jehol
1937- Japan full scale invasion
84
Q

Causes of Manchurian Crisis

A

Close to Japan
Easy because they had army near South Manchurian Railway
Confusion as to who owned Manchuria
Japan scared China would kick out their industry
Japanese army was getting stronger
Mukden incident- explosion, soldiers claimed it was an attack by Chinese

85
Q

Causes of Abyssinian Crisis

A

Hitler thought invasion would be easy as Italy had colonies on the border

Natural reassures and good land for animals

1896 failed invasion - revenge

Corfu Crisis made him confident the LofN wound to interfere

1935 the Stresa Front was agreed, Britain and France would do anything to keep him as an ally against Hitler

86
Q

How did Mussolini invade Abyssinia?

A

Dec 1934- Italian soldiers clashed with Abyssinians on border at Wal Wal

150 Abyssinian and 2 Italians died

LofN found it hard to stop Mussolini

Jan 1935- French foreign minister Laval met with Mussolini to make secret agreements

Oct 1935- despite moral condemnation, troops entered Abyssinia. Bombed and used chemical weapons

June 1935- Haile Selassie appealed again

May 1936- troops took capital city

87
Q

Why did the LofN fail in Abyssinia?

A

Didn’t close Suez Canal

Trade sanctions didn’t apply to USSR or USA, and coal and oil weren’t banned which Mussolini had said were vital to the invasion

Hoare-Laval Pact. Dec 1935 Britain and France met with Mussolini and agreed Italy would be given 2/3 of Abyssinia, got leaked

Trade sanctions against Abyssinia

88
Q

When did Italy leave the LofN?

A

May 1936

89
Q

Why did the LofN fail?

A

No army
Ambitious plans
Met only once a year
Veto from Council
Decisions had to be unanimous
Complex structure
Secretariat was very small
Depression meant countries were more concerned about their own problems
Countries not afraid of moral condemnation
Trade sanctions useless- USA not in LofN
Depression meant fascist dictators became popular
Slow to act during Manchurian Crisis
Britain and France too worried about keeping Mussolini as an ally to stop Abyssinian invasion

90
Q

Hitler’s aims

A

Overturn TofV to restoreNational Pride

Rearmament

Lebensraum

Unite Volksdeutsche

Anschluss

Destroy communism

91
Q

Why would lebensraum lead to war?

A

Wanted land in East
Invading Eastern Europe would be seen as an act of war
Counties would try and protect country being invaded

92
Q

Why would Rearmament cause war?

A

Broke international law and looked suspicious even though it was to create jobs at munitions factories etc

93
Q

Why would uniting volksdeutsche cause war?

A

Unlikely countries would give up those regions without a fight
Broke international law

94
Q

Why would destroying communism lead to war?

A

USSR has a massive army and began to better relationships with Britain and France
Provoking a power nation

95
Q

What was Chamberlains attitude toward Hitler’s foreign policies?

A

Hitlers speeches in the ‘20s worried him
After the non-aggression Pact in ‘34 he was satisfied Hitler didn’t want war
Wanted to achieve appeasement

96
Q

Hitler leaves the LofN Disarmament Conference

When and why?

A

1932-1934
Hitler agreed to disarm if every other country did also
If nations didn’t do this he wanted an army in equal size to France
France refused to cooperate giving Hitler an excuse to storm out
Germany then left the LofN

97
Q

The Dolfuss Affair

When and what?

A

1934
PM of Austria banned nazi party
Hitler told Austrian Nazis to create havoc so they murdered Dolfuss
Plot failed as Austrian army supported the government and Mussolini moved troops onto border

98
Q

When and how did Germany rearm?

A

‘Freedom to rearm rally’ in March 1935

Hitler showed off weapons and announced he was introducing conscription

99
Q

When was the Saar Plebiscite and what was the outcome?

A

13th Jan 1935

90% voted to rejoin Germany

100
Q

Anglo-German Naval Agreement

A

June 1935
German navy could be 35% the size of British
45% no. of British Submarines

101
Q

Why did Hitler want troops in the Rhineland?

A

Defence against invasion as it borders France

He wanted Lebensraum so needed the Rhineland as a defence during war

102
Q

Franco-Soviet Pact

When and what

A

1935

Support each other if attacked by Germany

103
Q

How did Hitler respond to the Franco-Soviet Pact?

A

Claimed it was a threat
Sent troops into Rhineland on 7th March 1936
Troops greeted with flowers

104
Q

Why didn’t Britain react to the remilitarisation of the Rhineland?

A

Britain felt Germany had the right to protect its borders
British troops already dealing with Abyssinian Crisis
Depression- nation couldn’t afford to get involved in foreign affairs

105
Q

Why didn’t France react to the remilitarisation of the Rhineland?

A

Politicians busy in general election, starting war would lose them votes
Most of army moves into Tunisia incase Abyssinia needed intervention
General believed the German army was bigger and better equipped than it was

106
Q

Why didn’t the LofN react to the remilitarisation of the Rhineland?

A

Concentrating its efforts in Abyssinia

107
Q

Why was the remilitarisation of the Rhineland significant?

A

Hitler grew confident he could do as he pleased
Turned his attention to how he could get around other terms of TofV like Anschluss
Britain and France started rearming
Locarno Treaty showed unsure relationship between Britain and France
Rome-Berlin Axis shake Mussolini thought Hitler was a force to be reckoned with
Hitler could now defend Western borders and begin gaining Lebensraum

108
Q

Why did Hitler want Anschluss?

A

Austria had ruled Germany for 600yrs
Volksdeutsche
Confident he would not be stopped

109
Q

Why did Hitler force Schuschnigg to resign?

A

March 1938
Replaced him with Seyss-Inquart
8PM he declared Austria was in a state of chaos and requested Germany to help restore peace

110
Q

When did Nazi troops invade Austria?

A

12 March 1938

111
Q

What was the Anti-Comintern?

When?

A

Between Mussolini and Hitler stating Mussolini would not oppose Anschluss

November 1936

112
Q

When was the Austrian plebiscite?

How many votes for Anschluss?

A

10th April 1938

99%

113
Q

Britain’s reaction to Anschluss

A

Felt they were same country

Opposition from Churchill

114
Q

Frances reaction to Anschluss

A

Had their own political problems

2 days before Hitler invaded the whole government resigned

115
Q

Czech reaction to Anschluss

A

Fear

They would be Hitlers next focus

116
Q

Why did Hitler target the Sudetenland?

A

Czech had been set up by TofV which he wanted to overturn. He was ‘righting’ a wrong
Had forts, railways and industries- used in war effort, factories producing glass and coal, Skoda factory could be used to build tanks
3 million German-speaking people who claimed they had been persecuted
Good base to launch attack on Czech

117
Q

Why did Chamberlain meet with Hitler in September 1938?

A

To solve Sudetenland crisis
Appeasement
Then met with Czechs and drives them to agree to Hitlers terms

118
Q

Why did Chamberlain meet with Hitler a second time in 1938?

A

Changed demands

Wanted the Sudetenland handed over by 1st October and insisted Poland and Hungary should receive Czech land

119
Q

Hitlers Sudetenland demands

A

Czech army must leave
Handed over to Hitler
Hungary and Poland given land
Promised peace in return

120
Q

Munich Conference

When and what?

A

March 1938
Chamberlain and French president happy to meet Hitler and accept demands
USSR not consulted

121
Q

When did Hitler invade the rest of Czech

A

March 1939

122
Q

Why was the invasion of the rest of Czech significant?

A

First time Hitler invaded a country he had no claim to
Could have fought the Nazis
Alienated USSR and lost Hitlers as an ally
Broken promises made at Munich Conference and in Anglo-German declaration
Chamberlain promised Poland independence

123
Q

Arguments for appeasement

A

Felt TofV was too harsh
Avoid war- depression, didn’t want to lose more lives, weren’t ready
Hitler kept saying he was a man of peace
Anschluss please 99% of Austrians
After Munich Conference Chamberlain was treated as a hero
Communism was more scary, a strong Germany would stop it spreading from USSR
USA signed two neutrality acts in ‘30s so they would not support Britain or France

124
Q

Arguments against appeasement

A

Gave Hitler benefit of the doubt even though his speeches in the ‘20s said the only way to make Germany strong again was to use violence
Missed opportunities to stop him
More he took the more confident he got
Appeasement was morally wrong
Czech was a strong country, with little support Hitler could have been stopped

125
Q

Why did Germany want Poland?

A

Volksdeutsche

In TofV German land taken to form Poland

126
Q

Nazi-Soviet Pact

When and what

A

August 1939
Non-aggression
If USSR allowed Hitlers to invade Poland they would be given Polish Territory

127
Q

Why didn’t the USSR trust Britain and France?

A

Lost faith in LofN
French did nothing during remilitarisation of Rhineland, so why would they stop Hitler invading USSR
Appeasement, they didn’t trust him either
Was not consulted in Munich Agreement
Polish knew Russians wanted their territory back so would not allow Russian troops to defend them from Nazis, added to mistrust
Hitler seemed to respect Stalin

128
Q

Why did Russia sign Nazi Soviet Pact?

A

Reclaim polish land and Hitlers would do all the fighting
Didn’t trust Hitler so it bought him time
Britain and France wouldn’t support him if he declined

129
Q

Significance of Nazi Soviet Pact

A

Made war inevitable
After Hitler broke Munich Agreement Britain and France realised appeasement was not working and vowed to protect Poland
Meant when war did break out they would not have support of USSR

130
Q

Why did Germany sign the Nazi-Soviet Pact?

A

Germany didn’t want to fight war in two fronts like in WW1

131
Q

When and how did Hitler begin his invasion of Poland

A

September 1939
Battleship opened fire on port of Danzig
At the same time 62 divisions of the army and 1300 aeroplanes invaded Poland

132
Q

When was war declared?

A

September 1939
Britain sent ultimatum
France also declared war after Britain

History (2 decks)

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