Conflict and Co-Operation 1919-1939

Question 1

What did the Big Three want at Versailles and why?

Answer 1

Woodrow Wilson - 14 Points to help build up peace.
Lloyd George - Some punishment for Germany, benefit England.
Clemenceau - Heavy punishments for Germany, lots of reparation fees.

Question 2

Was the Treaty of Versailles motivated by more Nationalism or Internationalism?

Answer 2

Nationalism, France wanted more territory and France wanted to make Germany pay.

Question 3

Why was no one entirely satisfied with Versailles?

Answer 3

Clemenceau wanted revenge and to cripple Germany, Wilson didn’t want heavy punishments. They disagreed due to their countries being affected differently economically.

Question 4

Successes of the League Of Nations in 1920s?

Answer 4

Took home half a million prisoners from WW1
Sweden and Finland agreed on the Aaland Islands decision
Helped and fed Turkish refugees.

Question 5

Failures of the League in the 1920’s?

Answer 5

Failed to bring about disarmament.

Failure to solve Corfu incident in 1923

Question 6

Impact of Depression on international relations?

Answer 6

Moderate Political parties lost out to extremist parties.

Countries adopted protectionist measures.

Question 7

What was the Manchuria crisis?

Answer 7

Japanese rail tracks destroyed in 1931 in attempt to blame Chinese and invade Manchuria.
League failed to react efficiently due to Japan leaving the league.

Question 8

Why did disarmament fail in the 1930’s?

Answer 8

Germany refused to be treated different to other countries.

Resulted in Hitler leaving the League of Nations in October 1933

Question 9

What was the Abyssinia crisis and how did the league respond?

Answer 9

The Abyssinian Crisis was a result of conflict between Italy and Ethiopia in 1934, which was known as Abyssinia. The League of Nations could not do anything to prevent it.

Question 10

What were Hitler’s aims in Foreign policy?

Answer 10

Establish new Racial order in Europe
Throw off restrictions of treaty
Incorporate territories with German Master races into the Reich

Question 11

What were some causes of Appeasement?

Answer 11

Economic difficulties
Fear over spread of communism
Great Depression ready to strike again.

Question 12

What are the common names of the 5 Appeasement interpretations?

Answer 12

Popular Majority View 1937-1938
"Guilty Men" 1939-1948
Orthodox View 1948-1960
Academic Revisionist 1960-1990
Academic Counter Revisionist 1990-2000

Question 13

What was the Popular Majority View?

Answer 13

Believed Chamberlain had done well

Britain were worried about a war, after the crippling effects of WW1.

Question 14

What was the “Guilty Men” view?

Answer 14

Created by 3 Journalists who called themselves “Cato”
Appeasement was a foolish, cowardly and immoral policy
Chamberlain was scapegoat for appeasement

Question 15

What was the Orthodox view?

Answer 15

Churchill’s view
Misjudgement and Miscalculation of Hitler
Chamberlain motivated by good intentions.

Question 16

What was the academic revisionist view?

Answer 16

Historians like AJP Taylor and Donald Cameron Watt backed this.

AJP - Hitler had no clear plan, therefore Chamberlain should not be blamed if Hitler did not know what he was doing himself.

DCW - Chamberlain faced many problems and Hitler was just another, alongside his few options and limited resources.

Question 17

What was the academic counter revisionist view?

Answer 17

Robert Parker backed this view.

Chamberlain overrated his own abilities in controlling Hitler.
Chamberlain ignored advice and betrayed Czechslovakia.

Question 18

What happened during the Sudetenland crisis?

Answer 18

Germany wanted a area of land that was high in material and resources, they invaded the Sudetenland which held most of the natura;

Question 19

Why did Hitler and Stalin agree to the Nazi-Soviet pact?

Question 19

Why did Hitler and Stalin agree to the Nazi-Soviet pact?

Answer 19

Hitler wanted this pact so he could invade Poland without a major enemy standing in his way and so that he didn’t have to fight a battle on two fronts.

Question 20

Why did International relations get worse in the period 1933-1939

Answer 20

Great Depression led to more aggressive foreign policies which resulted in worsening international relations.