Conducting Experiments Flashcards
Nuts and bolts of conducting experiments: 1. selecting participants 2. __ the IV 3. Measuring the __. 4. Additional Controls. 5. additional Considerations.
Manipulating, DV
Convenience Samples: in most experiments, researchers are more concerned with __ validity (whether the IV __ the DV) - non probability sample. then external validity - probability sample ( whether the results are generalizable to the broader population)
internal, caused
manipulated vs non manipulated IVs: IVs, you can manipulate - race of a __ in a trial, difficulty level of a task, amount of coffee consumed
IVS you can’t manipulate: race , __, year in school
defendant, gender.
types of manipulation: straightforward manipulation - manipulating variables with instructions or __ presentations ( verbal, written, on computers.
stimulus
types of manipulation: ___ manipulation - manipulations that are designed to create a particular psychological state in the participants or to simulate a real - world situation
staged
confederates: sometimes staged manipulation utilize a confederate (___) to create a particular social experience. The confederate can make the situation seem more __
accomplice, realistic
manipulation strength: experimental manipulation requires at least _ levels of the __ variable.
in early stages of research, it is best to have very strong manipulations (extreme situations). this enables you to demonstrate that a __- __ relationship exists
In __ stages, researches try to determine the ___ manipulation needed to show the cause- effect relationship
2, independent, cause - effect, later, weakest.
measurement sensitivity of the dependent variable: it is important to have a DV that will be sensitive to (__ by) the manipulation.
best way to determine if you have a sensitive DV is to either use ___ measures or to pilot test your measure
affected, pre- existing.
using multiple ways to measure DV: it is often useful to have __ measures of the DV, be sure to place your most important DV __, it is best to have as __ a gap as possible between your IV and DV
multiple, first, small
additional controls- participants expectations pf the study can influence their behavior.
___ characteristics: aspects of a study that allow participants to guess the research hypothesis
placebo effect: when participants __ of the effect of the IV actually influences the DV
demand, expectations
managing participants expectations: these problems can often be addressed by deception.
deception: the practice of __ informing participants about the true nature of the research project before they participant. often entails an elaborate cover story,
cover story: a false or __ statement by the experiment about what is being studied.
placebo: a inert substance that participants believe is an actual treatment.
not, misleading
researcher expectations = experimenter bias - researchers may consciously or unconsciously act __ to participants from different conditions to increase the chances of getting the hypothesized results
one way to fix this problem is to have the experimenter __ of the condition the participant is in ( double blind experiment)
different, unaware
manipulation checks - at the end of the study, you want to confirm that participants experienced the manipulation.
- did the iv effect the
- was the IV a successful operationalization of the conceptual variable?
advantages of the manipulation checks : help you figure out why you didnt get your hypothesized results.
helps you identify participants who may need to be __ from the study
excluded.
Pilot testing - this is when the researcher does a trail run of the study on a __ number of participants before running the full study with all of the participants.
enables the researcher to determine if the participants understood the IV and DV, if the instructions were clear , whether the situation seems realistic, and if the participants had any concerns about the study.
small
deception & debriefing : if used deception in your study , you must inform the participants of this deception at the __ of the study.
- explain the deception and why is was necessary
- try o return the participant to the psychological and physical state they were in before the study
end .
