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SAM > Conditions Involving One Limb > Flashcards

Conditions Involving One Limb Flashcards

1
Q

“Nerve root signs” refers to what?

A

Lameness due to pain due to stretching/inflammation of nerve roots.

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2
Q

Monoparesis/monoplegia must be differentiated from what?

A

Lameness due to musculoskeletal disorders.

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3
Q

There is no resulting degeneration of the nerves but myelin sheaths may degenerate and it may take days to months for full functional recovery with what condition?

A

Neuropraxia

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4
Q

What is neuropraxia usually due to?

A

Loss of blood supply.

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5
Q

Temporary loss of motor and sensory function due to blockage of nerve conduction is known as what?

A

Neuropraxia/neurapraxia

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6
Q

What is the condition where there is degeneration of axons but the endoneurium and Schwann cells remain intact allowing regeneration of the axon (1 mm/day) and return of function?

A

Axonotmesis

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7
Q

What is hypesthesia?

A

An abnormally weak sense of pain, heat, cold or touch.

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8
Q

What are two clinical signs that can be seen with axonotmesis?

A
  • Paresis

- Hypesthesia

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9
Q

Complete severance of a nerve and degeneration of the distal portion and its Schwann cells is known as what?

A

Neurotmesis

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10
Q

Does regeneration usually occur with neurotmesis?

A

No

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11
Q

What are 2 clinical signs seen with neurotmesis?

A
  • Anesthesia

- Paralysis

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12
Q

What are 2 functions of peripheral nerves?

A
  • Innervate groups of muscles

- Transmit sensory information from a particular area of skin

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13
Q

There is lower motor dysfunction of the muscles and anesthesia of the skin innervated when what are injured?

A

Peripheral nerves

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14
Q

Marked and rapid muscle atrophy due to peripheral nerve damage is called what?

A

Neurogenic atrophy

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15
Q

The following clinical signs are indicative of what condition: Non-progressive LMN signs, hyp/anesthesia, hypo/areflexia, hypotonicity, neurogenic muscle atrophy?

A

Peripheral nerve injuries

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16
Q

What can be given to decrease inflammation and protect the limb while recovering from peripheral nerve injury?

A

Glucocorticoids

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17
Q

What is arthrodesis?

A

Permanent surgical immobilization of a joint.

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18
Q

If there is no nerve regeneration after 6 months, what can be done?

A

Amputation

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19
Q

Trauma that abducts the front limb and forces it caudally or cranially can cause what?

A

Brachial plexus avulsion

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20
Q

Brachial plexus avulsion can affect the ventral and dorsal nerve roots of which nerves?

A

C6-T2

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21
Q

What are 2 things the prognosis of a brachial plexus avulsion depends on?

A
  • Whether regeneration will occur

- Which nerves are involved

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22
Q

Disruption of nerve roots C8 and T1 leads to denervation of what?

A

Extensors and flexors of the elbows and carpus

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23
Q

Disruption of nerve roots C6 and C7 leads to denervation of what?

A

Extensors and flexors of the shoulder

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24
Q

Where does the lateral thoracic nerve to the cutaneous trunci muscle exit?

A

C8 and T1

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25
Q

If the lateral thoracic nerve is involved in a brachial plexus avulsion, what might there be a loss of?

A

Panniculus reflex

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26
Q

Injury to T1 ventral nerve roots often damage what?

What does this result in?

A
  • Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers

- Horner’s syndrome

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27
Q

Miosis (most common), ptosis, enophthalmos and protrusion of the membrana nictitans can all be signs of what?

A

Horner’s syndrome

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28
Q

What is miosis?

A

Constricted pupil

29
Q

What is ptosis?

A

Weak, droopy eyelid

30
Q

What is enophthalmus?

A

Inset eyeball

31
Q

What is the general prognosis of a brachial plexus avulsion?

A

Guarded to poor

32
Q

What is the best indicator of complete recovery from a brachial plexus avulsion?

A

Presence of deep pain in the digits.

33
Q

Nerve sheath tumors most often (80%) occur where?

What are they associated with?

A
  • Caudal cervical area

- Brachial plexus

34
Q

T/F: Nerve sheath tumors usually originate centrally and spread peripherally into the distal limbs.

A

False - Nerve sheath tumors usually originate peripherally and spread proximally into the spinal cord.

35
Q

What is considered a “root signature”?

A

Hyperesthesia with limb palpation or manipulation.

36
Q

Chronic progressive monoparesis with neurogenic muscle atrophy and hyperesthesia with limb palpation or manipulation indicates what condition?

A

Nerve root/peripheral nerve neoplasia

37
Q

How is a definitive diagnosis made of nerve root or peripheral nerve neoplasia?

A

Histopathology of samples collected at surgery.

38
Q

What is the best available treatment for all tumors?

A

Surgical resection

39
Q

What type of emboli is the most common causing spinal cord injury?

A

Fibrocartilaginous emboli

40
Q

Where do fibrocartilaginous emboli originate from?

A

Nucelaus pulposus of the intervertebral discs.

41
Q

What do fibrocartilaginous emboli cause in the spinal cord?

A

Ischemic myelopathy

42
Q

Fibrocartilaginous emboli are most common in what type of dog?

A

Large breed dogs, giant breeds, Miniature Schnauzers

43
Q

In what age range of dogs are fibrocartilaginous emboli seen?

A

1-7 years old

44
Q

When are clinical signs for fibrocartilaginous emboli developed?

A

Peracutely during or after vigorous exercise.

45
Q

Is there usually a history of trauma with fibrocartilaginous emboli?

A

No

46
Q

Are fibrocartilaginous emboli progressive or non-progressive?

A

Non-progressive

47
Q

Fibrocartilaginous emboli often involve what 2 areas?

A
  • Brachial intumescence

- Pelvic intumescence

48
Q

Fibrocartilaginous emboli can cause what type of deficits?

A

LMN

49
Q

Are fibrocartilaginous emboli rare or common in cats?
Where do they occur?
Are they associated with exercise?

A
  • Rare
  • C6-T2
  • No
50
Q

Partial or complete loss of voluntary motor function in a single limb is known as what?

A

Monoparesis or monoplegia

51
Q

Signlament, history, clinical signs, exclusion of inflammatory and comprehensive spinal cord disease by CSF examination and myelography can indicate what?

A

Fibrocartilaginous emboli

52
Q

What can be useful in diagnosing more severe cases of fibrocartilaginous emboli?

A

MRI

53
Q

What can be given to acutely affected dogs with fibrocartilaginous emboli to reduce edema and inflammation?

A

Dexamethasone

54
Q

Dogs with fibrocartilaginous emboli that who UMN signs may see improvement as soon as when?
Maximal recovery when?

A
  • First week of signs

- By 4 months

55
Q

What can have a major influence on the recovery rate of fibrocartilaginous emboli?

A

Physio/hydrotherapy

56
Q

The supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles are innervated by what nerve?
Originating from what spinal cord region?

A
  • Suprascapular nerve

- C6-C7

57
Q

The deltoideus, teres major and teres minor are innervated by what nerve?
Originate from what spinal cord region?

A
  • Axillary

- C7-C8

58
Q

The biceps brachii, brachialis and coracobrachialis are innervated by what nerve?
Originate from what spinal cord region?

A
  • Musculo-cutaneous nerve

- C6-T1

59
Q

The triceps brachii, extensor carpi radialis, ulnaris lateralis, lateral digital extensor and common digital extensor are innervated by what nerve?a
Originate from what spinal cord region?

A
  • Radial nerve

- C6-T2

60
Q

The flexor carpi radialis and superficial digital flexor are innervated by what nerve?
Originate from what spinal cord region?

A
  • Median nerve

- C7-T2

61
Q

The flexor carpi ulnaris and deep digital flexor are innervated by what nerve?
Originate from what spinal cord region?

A
  • Ulnar nerve

- C8-T2

62
Q

The iliopsoas, quadriceps and sartorius muscles are innervated by what nerve?
Originate from what spinal cord region?

A
  • Femoral nerve

- L4-L6

63
Q

The external obturator, pectineus and gracilis muscles are innervated by what nerve?
Originate from what spinal cord region?

A
  • Obturator nerve

- L5-L6

64
Q

The biceps femoris, semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscles are innervated by what nerve?
Originate from what spinal cord region?

A
  • Sciatic nerve

- L6-S1

65
Q

The gastrocnemius, popliteus, deep digital flexor and superficial digital flexor muscles are innervated by what nerve?
Originate from what spinal cord region?

A
  • Tibial nerve

- (L6)L7-S1

66
Q

The peroneus longus, lateral digital extensor, long digital extensor and cranial tibial muscles are innervated by what nerve?
Originate from what spinal cord region?

A
  • Common peroneal nerve

- L6-L7(S1)

67
Q

The external anal sphincter and striated urethral muscles are innervated by what nerve?
Originate from what spinal cord region?

A
  • Pudendal nerve

- S1-S3

68
Q

The smooth muscle of the bladder and the rectum muscle are innervated by what nerve?
Originate from what spinal cord region?

A
  • Pelvic nerve

- S1-S3

SAM (8 decks)

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