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PS1816 Revision > Conditions & Freud & Psychoanalysis > Flashcards

Conditions & Freud & Psychoanalysis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cognitive theory of Anxiety?

A

(Clark & Beck)

Misinterpretation of bodily sensation = Anxiety due to misinterpretation = Increased bodily sensation due to INCREASE in anxiety

Anxious cognition = Behaviour can FEED a disorder e.g., Avoidance maintains a phobia

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2
Q

What is ACT?

A

Acceptance Commitment Theory

Mindfulness & behavioural training

Aims to alter how we feel & respond to certain situations

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3
Q

What is the Dual Representation Theory? (Brewin et al)

A

Symptoms result from disassociation between VAM (unconsciously processed) and SAM (consciously processed.)

If VAM becomes impaired ALL focus on emotional impact & fear of SAM

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4
Q

Outcomes of Dual Representation

A

Completion = Recovery

Chronic emotional processing = Severe ongoing trauma

Premature Inhibition of processing = Attempt to avoid emotional processing of traumatic memory

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5
Q

Schizophrenia and attentional processes

A

Inability to make associations between relevant events

Highly distractible

Attention difficulties (over/under)

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6
Q

What cognitive theory by Bentall attempts to explain Schizophrenia?

A

Patients with SZ = show a bias towards attributing negative life events to EXTERNAL causes

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7
Q

What is an obsession?

A

Intrusive

A product of an individuals own mind

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8
Q

What is a compulsion?

A

Repetitive behaviours/ Mental rituals

Performed to decrease distress CAUSED by obsessions

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9
Q

What is the cognitive model of obsessions?

A

Obsessions result from misinterpretation of an intrusive thought =

  1. Spontaneous intrusive thought
  2. Inflated responsibility - person wants to rid thought
  3. Compulsion occurs as result
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10
Q

What is Becks cognitive theory of Depression?

A

Thinking is dominated by negative schemas/cognitive biases that make up the ‘triad’

Ineptness (expect to fail) - Self blame - Negative self evaluation

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11
Q

CBT

A

Aims to ‘restructure’ thoughts and challenge faulty thinking

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12
Q

What is the monoamine hypothesis?

A

Depression occurs as a result of depleted serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine.

Both environmental and genetic factors can alter brain chemistry

Treated by raising serotonin

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13
Q

Dora Case study (Freud)

A

Dora showed ‘hysterical symptoms’
Being abused by father and friends

Dreamt house was on fire - Mum wanted to save jewellery box - Dad refused

Freuds suggestion: Jewellery box represented Doras virginity which was under threat. Mother fails to protect.

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14
Q

How do dreams help with unpleasant situations?

A

Breakthrough of unconscious (repressed) material that dreams allow to see

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15
Q

When a situation becomes unpleasant, what 3 compromises does Freud suggest?

A
  1. Neurotic symptoms e.g., mental illnesses
  2. Dreams
  3. Defence mechanisms
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16
Q

What are the aims of psychoanalysis?

A

Make unconscious conscious & undo defences

Allow client to project repressed feelings onto analyst

17
Q

What is Brief Therapy?

A

Adaptation to psychoanalysis

X1 session a week over 30 weeks

Focus on one area
Less on the past
Analyst in full view

18
Q

What is Interpersonal Psychodynamic Theory?

A

Focus on current events and relationships

19
Q

What is Transference?

A

Unresolved feelings from past relationships that re-emerge into new ones.

20
Q

Types of transference

A

‘Inner’ model of relationships: built up over life from various experiences

Transference in therapy: Client uses DM of displacement onto analyst

Counter - transference: Analyst is a ‘real’ person with own ‘inner’ models = risk of unresolved unconscious ideas in analysts thinking

21
Q

What is the difference between states and traits?

A

States = short term behaviour e.g., mood

Traits = long term behaviour e.g., personality

22
Q

What are the 5 definitions of abnormality?

A

Deviation from:

  1. Statistical norms
  2. Cultural norms
  3. Developmental norms
  4. Expected behaviours/Contextual norms
  5. Functional life
23
Q

What does a Realist think of MHC?

A

Exist and measurable

Measurable by physiological changes

24
Q

What do Pragmatists think of MHC?

A

Treatment effective with diagnosis

Labels are good

25
Q

What do Constructivists think of MHC?

A

MHC are socially constructed

Classification is subjective

26
Q

Criticisms of DSM & ICD

A
  • Poor reliability between psychiatrists and cultures

- Lack of brain imagine evidence for disorders

27
Q

What are Defence mechanisms? Examples?

A

‘Mental actions’ that block perceived threats (often unconsciously)

  1. Repression (block & not think)
  2. Regression (Fixate on past)
  3. Reaction Formation (Do opposite e.g., bullying)
  4. Denial
  5. Projection
  6. Displacement
  7. Sublimation (channelling pent up into something positive e.g., creative work)
  8. Identification with aggressor -similar to Stockholm syndrome, self blame, belief aggressor is right
28
Q

Little Hans study (Freud)

A

Hans scared of horse

Freud says:
Horse is dad
Hans experiencing Oedipus complex - Dad in the way - fears father becomes envious = scared dad will castrate him

(REPRESSION, PROJECTION, DISPLACEMENT)

29
Q

Support for Becks negative triad?

A

+ Attentional Tasks - on a stroop task individuals performed worse

+ Dichotic Listening Procedure - Formerly depressed vs Never depressed = Depressed indv. Difficult ignoring negative words

+ Memory tasks - Depression vs Control - Given list of positive, neutral and negative words = Depressed indv. remember more negative words

30
Q

Schizophrenia research

A

Probabilistic Reasoning - People with SZ more likely to jump to conclusions quicker with less evidence

Theory of mind - SZ sufferers have deficit in ability to understand beliefs of others

4 factors contributing to delusions - (Emergence & Maintenance)

  1. Anomalous experience - No obvs explanation
  2. Anxiety & Depression creates bias to negative thinking
  3. Reasoning bias - seek to find confirmatory bias
  4. Social factors e.g., isolation
31
Q

Research into depression…

A

Females = more likely = dual demand for career success & domestic responsibility & menstruation

Learned helplessness (Seligman)
- Depressed indv. don’t use coping strategies when under stress = most avoid and give up trying to cope
  • Cultural variations = Different symptoms in different cultures

PS1816 Revision (4 decks)

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