Conditions & Freud & Psychoanalysis Flashcards
What is the cognitive theory of Anxiety?
(Clark & Beck)
Misinterpretation of bodily sensation = Anxiety due to misinterpretation = Increased bodily sensation due to INCREASE in anxiety
Anxious cognition = Behaviour can FEED a disorder e.g., Avoidance maintains a phobia
What is ACT?
Acceptance Commitment Theory
Mindfulness & behavioural training
Aims to alter how we feel & respond to certain situations
What is the Dual Representation Theory? (Brewin et al)
Symptoms result from disassociation between VAM (unconsciously processed) and SAM (consciously processed.)
If VAM becomes impaired ALL focus on emotional impact & fear of SAM
Outcomes of Dual Representation
Completion = Recovery
Chronic emotional processing = Severe ongoing trauma
Premature Inhibition of processing = Attempt to avoid emotional processing of traumatic memory
Schizophrenia and attentional processes
Inability to make associations between relevant events
Highly distractible
Attention difficulties (over/under)
What cognitive theory by Bentall attempts to explain Schizophrenia?
Patients with SZ = show a bias towards attributing negative life events to EXTERNAL causes
What is an obsession?
Intrusive
A product of an individuals own mind
What is a compulsion?
Repetitive behaviours/ Mental rituals
Performed to decrease distress CAUSED by obsessions
What is the cognitive model of obsessions?
Obsessions result from misinterpretation of an intrusive thought =
- Spontaneous intrusive thought
- Inflated responsibility - person wants to rid thought
- Compulsion occurs as result
What is Becks cognitive theory of Depression?
Thinking is dominated by negative schemas/cognitive biases that make up the ‘triad’
Ineptness (expect to fail) - Self blame - Negative self evaluation
CBT
Aims to ‘restructure’ thoughts and challenge faulty thinking
What is the monoamine hypothesis?
Depression occurs as a result of depleted serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine.
Both environmental and genetic factors can alter brain chemistry
Treated by raising serotonin
Dora Case study (Freud)
Dora showed ‘hysterical symptoms’
Being abused by father and friends
Dreamt house was on fire - Mum wanted to save jewellery box - Dad refused
Freuds suggestion: Jewellery box represented Doras virginity which was under threat. Mother fails to protect.
How do dreams help with unpleasant situations?
Breakthrough of unconscious (repressed) material that dreams allow to see
When a situation becomes unpleasant, what 3 compromises does Freud suggest?
- Neurotic symptoms e.g., mental illnesses
- Dreams
- Defence mechanisms
What are the aims of psychoanalysis?
Make unconscious conscious & undo defences
Allow client to project repressed feelings onto analyst
What is Brief Therapy?
Adaptation to psychoanalysis
X1 session a week over 30 weeks
Focus on one area
Less on the past
Analyst in full view
What is Interpersonal Psychodynamic Theory?
Focus on current events and relationships
What is Transference?
Unresolved feelings from past relationships that re-emerge into new ones.
Types of transference
‘Inner’ model of relationships: built up over life from various experiences
Transference in therapy: Client uses DM of displacement onto analyst
Counter - transference: Analyst is a ‘real’ person with own ‘inner’ models = risk of unresolved unconscious ideas in analysts thinking
What is the difference between states and traits?
States = short term behaviour e.g., mood
Traits = long term behaviour e.g., personality
What are the 5 definitions of abnormality?
Deviation from:
- Statistical norms
- Cultural norms
- Developmental norms
- Expected behaviours/Contextual norms
- Functional life
What does a Realist think of MHC?
Exist and measurable
Measurable by physiological changes
What do Pragmatists think of MHC?
Treatment effective with diagnosis
Labels are good
What do Constructivists think of MHC?
MHC are socially constructed
Classification is subjective
Criticisms of DSM & ICD
- Poor reliability between psychiatrists and cultures
- Lack of brain imagine evidence for disorders
What are Defence mechanisms? Examples?
‘Mental actions’ that block perceived threats (often unconsciously)
- Repression (block & not think)
- Regression (Fixate on past)
- Reaction Formation (Do opposite e.g., bullying)
- Denial
- Projection
- Displacement
- Sublimation (channelling pent up into something positive e.g., creative work)
- Identification with aggressor -similar to Stockholm syndrome, self blame, belief aggressor is right
Little Hans study (Freud)
Hans scared of horse
Freud says:
Horse is dad
Hans experiencing Oedipus complex - Dad in the way - fears father becomes envious = scared dad will castrate him
(REPRESSION, PROJECTION, DISPLACEMENT)
Support for Becks negative triad?
+ Attentional Tasks - on a stroop task individuals performed worse
+ Dichotic Listening Procedure - Formerly depressed vs Never depressed = Depressed indv. Difficult ignoring negative words
+ Memory tasks - Depression vs Control - Given list of positive, neutral and negative words = Depressed indv. remember more negative words
Schizophrenia research
Probabilistic Reasoning - People with SZ more likely to jump to conclusions quicker with less evidence
Theory of mind - SZ sufferers have deficit in ability to understand beliefs of others
4 factors contributing to delusions - (Emergence & Maintenance)
- Anomalous experience - No obvs explanation
- Anxiety & Depression creates bias to negative thinking
- Reasoning bias - seek to find confirmatory bias
- Social factors e.g., isolation
Research into depression…
Females = more likely = dual demand for career success & domestic responsibility & menstruation
Learned helplessness (Seligman) - Depressed indv. don’t use coping strategies when under stress = most avoid and give up trying to cope
- Cultural variations = Different symptoms in different cultures
