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Conditions And Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Asthma summary

A

Eval:
Physical exam and history

Txt:
nebulizer

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2
Q

Allergy summary

A 
SS:
reaction within 3-4 hours
rhinitis
asthma
atopic dermatitis

Txt:
Diet
Diphenhydramine, 4 mg/kg/a6hr
Epi Pen
child education
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3
Q

FTT summary

A

Def: kid not growing like you expect to

Cause: multifactoral

SS:
dysmorphic
teeth
stigmata of abuse
lack development
temperment
affect
Eval:
cbc
ferritin
BMP
Vit D
Txt:
feeding therapy (sos)
dietary management
medication
g-tubes
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4
Q

Blunt abdominal trauma

A

Causes: falls, bike accidents, seatbelt injury, kick to abdomen
S/s: diffuse abd pain, vomiting, distensiton, sudden collapse if splenic injury
Dgx:Serial CTs
Tx conservatively

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5
Q

Infantile Acne

A

Who:2-4 weeks of life

S/s: pink, small papules

Tx: time/reassurance

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6
Q

Miliaria Rubra ( Heat Rash)

A

Who:Infants and adults

S/s: covered areas, flexural areas; clear vesicles on an erythematous base

Tx: symptomatic, avoid over heating

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7
Q

Milia

A

Who: neonates

S/s: little white bumps on forehead, cheeks, nose

Tx: reassurance

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8
Q

Erythema Toxicum

A

who: *neonates in the first 24-48 hours of life

S/S: 1-4mm central vesicle or pustule over large, blotchy erythematous base

Tx: reassurance

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9
Q

Measles (Rubeola)

A

Who: rare with adequate vaccination

S/s: *High fever, *cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, prodromal symptoms that *persist during the rash; *RASH that starts on face and spreads out *but still remains on face

Tx: close monitoring, symptomatic

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10
Q

Rubella (German Measles)

A

Who: rare with adequate vaccination

S/s: *rash that starts on face and spreads to trunk and extremities but the *face clears up; mild viral illness with tender lymphadenopathy

TX: symptomatic

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11
Q

Roseola

A

Who: children under 2

S/s: predominately on the trunk; after prodrome with a *High fever, children develop faint *blanchable pink maculopapules which *coalesce but the *fever disappears once rash appears

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12
Q

Erythema Infectiosum (Fifth’s disease)

A

Who: school aged children

S/s: after prodrome, child feels better but rash erupts on face (slapped cheek) and extremities (SPARES hands and feet) that is *lacy and caolesces

Tx: reassurance, symptomatic

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13
Q

Coxsackievirus (hand, foot, and mouth)

A

Who: children under 10

S/s: *rash or spots appear on hands and feet, parent complains child doesn’t want to eat and just doesn’t feel well

Tx: symptomatic

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14
Q

Scarlet Fever

A

Who: anyone

S/s: sunburn like rash that feels like sandpaper

Tx: oral abx

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15
Q

Dystocia

A
  • brachial plexus injury (waiter’s tip hand)

- clavicle fracture (can’t move one arm)

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16
Q

Jaundice

A

high hemoglobin at birth because liver is immature and can’t get rid of broken down RBC’s
Dgx: coomb’s test
Tx: phototherapy

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17
Q

Kernicterus

A

Higher amounts of bilirubin in the brain
Bilirubin induced neurologic dysfunction-baby isn’t sleeping or eating well which leads to less pooping and peeing to get the bilirubin out
Leads to chronic bilirubin encephalopathy and hypotonia

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18
Q

Necrotizing Enterocolitis

A

most common in premature babies

GI signs

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19
Q

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

A

premature babies

tachypnea, retractions, nasal flaring

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20
Q

Trisomy 21

A

Down Syndrome
hypotonia, hyperflexibility, excess skin on back of neck, flat facies, simian crease, cardiac abnormalities
low IQ

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21
Q

Fragile X syndrome

A

repeat of trinucleotide in the FMR1

S/s:MC inherited cause of mental retardation, hand flapping and biting, poor eye contact, autism, macrocephaly, prognathia after puberty, large ears, thickening of nasal bridge

Full life expectancy

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22
Q

Meconium Aspiration Syndrome

A

when meconium is the first intestinal discharge from newborns
need to get it out to prevent bacterial infections

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23
Q

Spina Bifida/Neural tube defect

A

Etiology: congenital deformities involving coverings of the nervous system

S/s:myelomeningoceles-spinal cord and nerve roots herniate into a sac comprising the meninges
meningocele-herniation of the eninges through the bony defects
Encephalocele-herniation of meninges and neural tissue

Prevent: folic acid supplementation-occurs between days 17-30 of gestation

Tx: surgery, therapies, medications for complications

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24
Q

Muscular Dystrophy

A

MC hereditary neuromuscular disorder
inherited x linked recessive trait
defect is dystrophin protein

S/s: Gower’s sign, wheelchair bound by age 12, cardiomyopathy, resp complications

Dgx: elevated CK, muscle biopsy

tx: no medical cure or method to slow progression
death by age 22

25
Cerebral palsy
motor or postural abnormalities noted during development assoc with prenatal, perinatal, or postnatal etiologies many children and adults function at a high educational and vocational level s/s: spastic diplegia, spastic quadriplegia, hemiplegia, extrapyramidal
26
Urinary Tract Infection
Etiology: E. coli, enterococcus (always get a culture even if UA looks clean) Risk Factors: F:39, fever>2d; M: white, temp>39, fever>1d Pathogenesis: Renal scarring from retrograde flow of urine (preventing kidney disease, HTN) S/s:Neonate=sepsis, hypothermia, cholestatic jaundice; infant=F,V,D,irritable, FTT, malodorous urine; Preschool=change in voiding patterns,GI sx, fever; adolescent=dysuria, frequency, urgency, abd pain Dgx: UA/UC Tx:abx F/U: within 48 hours of onset of any subsequent febrile illness
27
Vesicoureteral Reflux
regurgitation of urine from the bladder up to the kidney incidence: higher in white and siblings etiology: congenital or bladder outlet obstruction classified by grades 1-5 Dgx: RUS, *VCUG, *RNC (identifies reflux), DMSA tx: prophylactic abx, bladder training, antihcolinergics STING-subureteric transurethral injection
28
Voiding dysfunction summary
Enuresis - refers to a repeated inability to control urination - Primary : never achieved control - Secondary : control for at least 6 months ``` Mild - pollakiura - giggle incontinence - vaginal reflux Moderate - lazy bladder - unstable bladder Severe - hinman syndrome ``` Eval: UA/UC RUS cystogram ``` Txt: motivation DDVAP Tofranil time voiding conditioned response therapy ```
29
SIDS summary
Def: sudden death of infant 5 Txt: help family cope with loss
30
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome summary
Def: MC renal failure Cause: infectious (ecoli), endothelial cell injury SS: age
31
Kawasaki disease summary
Def: mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome or infantile polyarteritis ``` SS: microvasculitis fever > 5 days and - peripheral extremity changes - polymorphous rash - oropharyngeal changes - bilateral, nonexudative painless conjunctival infection - acute lymphadenopathy ``` ``` 4 stages: - acute high fever and main symptoms - subacute desquamation of fingers and toes greatest risk of coronary aortic aneurysm - convalescent - chronic ``` ``` Eval: elevated ESR/CRP 2 urine proteins Platlets > 450,000 pyuria ALT > 50 albumin ```
32
henoch schonlein purpura summary
Def: immune-mediated vasculitis ``` SS: purpura (lower extremities) ab pain joint pain and swelling N/V D, bloody stools scrotal edema ``` Eval: UA ab US Txt: self limiting supportive
33
Leukemia summary
Acute lymphoblastic Leukemia MC ``` SS: fever bleeding bone pain lymphadenopathy ``` ``` Eval: CBC diff clotting tests metabolic panel Uric acid LP bone marrow biopsy US ``` Txt: meds
34
Seizures summary
Def: provoked (infections, etc.) and febrile Generalized: engage both hemispheres - absence - grand mal Focal: originate in 1 hemisphere - simple (aware still) - complex
35
Epilepsy summar
Def: chronic seizures Benign focal - generalized occur during sleep; occasional occur when awake Petit mal - 4-8 yr loss of consciousness that lasts seconds juvenile myoclonic - 13 - 19 yr frequent morning within first hour due to sleep deprivation grand mal - any age Infantile seizures - sudden flexion or extension of trunk or both Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome - intractable seizures (no good txt)
36
Status Epilepticus summary
Def: 5 min sustained convulsions ``` Eval: MRI CT CBC LFT blood glucose EEG ``` Txt: Benzo Phenytoin
37
Scoliosis summary
def: lateral curvature of spine cause: idiopathic SS: illiac wings and shoulder not level Eval: PA/lateral xray MRI Txt: close follow up braces surgery
38
Genu Varum/valgum summary
Def: abnormal alignment of femur and tibia SS: vause or valgus Txt: Observation
39
Osgood Schlatter summary
Def: knee pain over tibial tubercle SS: pain with running and jumping Eval: pain over tibial Txt: NSAIDs, Ice, rest
40
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis summary
Def: MC chronic arthritis in kids ``` SS: morning stiffness joint swelling redness warmth high fever rheumatoid rash ``` ``` Eval: CRP/ESR Hgb WBC tap joint ``` Txt: NSAIDs DMARDs steroids
41
Developmental Dysplasia of Hip summary
Def: disorders of sublet, dislocation SS: painless limp short leg Eval: Barlow/Orotoni exam Txt: Observe harness or casting
42
Salter-Harris Fractures summary
1 - growth plate 2. growth and metaphysics 3. growth and epiphysis 4. all elements 5. crush
43
Legg-Calve Perthes summary
Def: avascular necrosis of femoral head ``` SS: pain in hip with limp painless limp externally rotated leg mild atrophy of thigh ``` ``` Eval: CBC ESR AP/frog-leg lateral X-rays pelvis MRI ``` Txt: bed rest bracing or surgery
44
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis summary
Def: MC hip disorder in adolescent ``` SS: obesity limp no known trauma externally rotated leg flexed leg will externally rotate ``` Eval: AP/frog-leg lateral x-rays Txt: hospitalization surgery
45
Nursemaid elbow summary
Def: sublet of radial head from capitellum due to immature annular ligament cause: axial pull on arm Eval: xray Txt: external rotate with flexion
46
Inguinal hernia
Hx: asymptomatic groin or scrotal swelling, most prominent with crying/straining/active, rarely painful, unless incarcerated Exam: reducible inguinal/scrotal mass; thickening of spermatic cord/inguinal content; ovary frequently out into hernia sac in girls
47
Hydrocele
discreet sac of fluid (intrascrotal) Dgx: spermatic cord proximal to an isolated hydrocele will be normal Tx: infant: await spontaneous resolution >1y: surgery for a persisting hydrocele as a hernia is likely also present
48
ADHD
def: combo of hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention that affects functioning in cognitive, academic, behavioral, emotional, and social Cause: atypical frontal-striatal activation causing impaired function, imbalance of catecholamine metabolism in the cerebral cortex, high genetic component, environment and society Dgx: look at criteria Tx: combo of meds, behavioral, and educational - make goals, special services at school - Methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta, Metadate, Daytrana patch) - Amphetamine (Dexedrine tabs, Vyvanse, Adderall) - Nonstimulant: Strattera-norepi reuptake inhibitor; Buproprion, SSRI, Clonidine, TCA
49
umbilical hernia
persisting defect in the abd wall fascia at the site of umbilical cord attachment tx: spontaneous closure is frequent without requiring surgical repair
50
Belly button anomalies
Umbilical polyp-moist, red umbilical nodule; tx with cauterization Patent omphalomesenteric duct- embryologic connection to intestine (ileum), substantial drainage, requires surgery Patent urachus- embryologic connection to urinary bladder, substantial drainage, urinary content flows into umbilical cord, requires surgery
51
Urachal cyst
urachus-connection to urinary bladder s/s: umbilicus usually normal with lower midline abdominal wall mass; often infected with abd pain, fever, infraumbilical mass, erythema Dgx: hx, exam, US Tx: antibiotics to treat infection, surgical excision
52
Meckel's Diverticulum
remnant of intestinal end of omphalomesenteric duct Rule of 2s: 2% of pop, 2 years old, 2 feet from ileocecal valve, 2 inches long S/s: bleeding per rectum, inflamm/meckel's diverticulitis, small bowel obstruction, or asx Tx: surgical excision of diverticulum
53
Autism
Cognitive differences: theory of mind, implicit learning and nonverbal sensitivity S/s: poor social skills, rigid and inflexible adherence to routines, preoccupation with parts of an object or particular subject, sensory issues (can't block out stimuli, hypersensitivity, fine motor problems, gross motor problems) Dgx: interview, medical workup, psych assessment Tx: social skills training, peer training, communication and conversational training, behavioral management, academic and educational support, tx of comorbid issues No meds tx autism
54
Intussusception
form of bowl obstruction, intestine telescopes into itself mainly idiopathic S/s: cramping, bloody mucoid stools (currant jelly); sausage shaped abd. mass Dgx: confirmed by radiology but only when it's late, US, CT scan Tx: hydrostatic/pneumotic reduction by the radiologist; if unsuccessful proceed to immediate surgery
55
Pyloric stenosis
concentric hypertrophy of pyloric muscle S/s: 3-6 weeks old, progressive projectile, non bilious vomiting eventually with every feeding, dehydration, palpable epigastric abd mass "olive" Dgx: "string sign" on Upper GI; US Tx: NPO, Iv hydration, Pyloromyotomy
56
Thyroglossal duct cyst
thyroglossal duct originates from foramen cecum of the tongue s/s: midline neck mass at hyoid cartilage level, infection can occur Dgx: midline mass that moves during swallowing, no labs necessary Tx: abx, surgical incision
57
Dermoid cyst
more superficial and mobile than TDC, still midline Tx: surgical excision
58
Branchial cleft cyst/sinus
derived from branchial structures present at 4-8 weeks gestation S/s: anterior border of SCM muscle and mucoid drainage Tx: abx, surgical excision

Z Pediatrics (15 decks)

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