Conditions Flashcards
Bradycardia
A heart rate lower than 60 bpm
Tachycardia
A heart rate higher than 100 bpm
Dysrhythmias
Disorganized or abnormal heartbeats or irregular heart rate;
- Causes: Hypertension, Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS), Heart Failure
- Treatment: Amiodarone (Cordarone), Dipsopyramide (Norpace), Dofetilide (Tikosyn), Propafenone (Rythmol)
Hypertension
Increased blood pressure over a certain period of time.
- Risk Factors: Increased age, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, Hyperlipidemia, High Salt and fat intake, smoking, family history of high blood pressure.
- Treatment: Lose weight, Little/No Alcohol, decreasing salt intake, exercising, quitting smoking, eating a healthy diet, Diuretics, Beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, CCBs, Vaslodilators.
Congestive Heart Failure
Happens when the heart can’t pump blood efficiently to deliver an adequate supply of blood to metabolizing tissues, usually because of water and sodium retention.
- Symptoms: Fatigue, increased urination at night, swelling, shortness of breath, tachycardia, and nausea and vomiting.
- Risk Factors: Increased age, infections, valve disease, Arrhythmia, trauma to the heart muscle, chemotherapy, and certain illicit medications, congenital heart disease.
- Treatment: 1.) Nonpharmacological Therapy; a.) Bed rest to decrease cardiac load, followed by progressive ambulation. 2.) Digoxin (Lanoxin), Diuretics, Beta-Blockers, ACE Inhibitors, ARBs
Hyperlipidemia
Increase in cholesterol; Typically LDL>100
> Risk Factors: Genetic disorder, enzyme abnormality or deficiency, obesity, high fat & cholesterol intake, certain medications that cause increased cholesterol
> Treatment: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, dietary restrictions, weight reduction, exercise, smoking cessation
> Meds:
Atorvastatin (Lipitor)
Simvastatin (Zocor)
Pravastatin (Provochol)
Rosuvastatin (Crestor)
Ischemia
A Lack of oxygen due to an obstruction significant enough to deprive the heart muscles of oxygen.
Angina
Pain resulting from Ischemia
Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)
Occurs when a rupturing of plaque results in a blood clot in the coronary arteries.
Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)
A condition in which complete obstruction of the coronary arteries results in the death of the part of the heart muscle where the blockage occurred.
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
A condition in which plaque builds up inside the coronary arteries; Atherosclerosis. >Risk Factors: Hyperlipidemia Hypertension Smoking obesity age Family history Sedentary Lifestyle >Treatment: Aspirin Nitroglycerin Blood-thinners >Meds. Clopidogrl (Plavix) Heparin LMWH> Enoxaparin (Lovenox), Fondaparinux (Arixtra), Warfarin, Alteplase (TPA)
Anemia
Low RBC or hemoglobin concentration
>Causes: Blood loss, destruction of RBCs, and inadequate cell production.
>Symptoms: Paleness, weakness, shortness of breath, low energy levels.
>Treatment: The acute treatment of anemia is the correction of the underlying problem and transfusion of RBCs
Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA)
A genetic disorder that’s caused by abnormal hemoglobin production, causing RBCs to be produced in an abnormal “sickle” shape.
>Treatment: There is no definitive treatment option; frequent blood transfusions and pain management
Microcytic Anemia
Characterized by the formation of tiny RBCs
>Causes: Iron deficiency and lead poisoning
>Treatment: Iron-rich diet; Iron supplements
-Ferrous Sulfate (Feosol)
-Ferrous Fumarate (Ferro-sequesl)
-Ferrous Gluconate (Fergon)
- Polysaccharide Iron Complex (Niferex)
Macrocytic Anemia
The formation of large RBCs
>Causes: Vitamin B12 & Folic Acid deficiencies
>Treatment: Supplements
