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Psychiatry > Conditions > Flashcards

Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 core symptoms of depression?

A

Low mood, anhedonia (loss of pleasure in activities) and anergia (loss of energy)

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2
Q

How would you describe the low mood?

A

Constant, diurnal variation (worse in morning, better at night)

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3
Q

Name 8 other (non-core) symptoms of depression?

A

Lack of libido, lack of sleep, lack of appetite, weight loss, lack of concentration, feelings of hopelessness for future, feelings of guilt, loss of confidence

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4
Q

How do you describe the sleep pattern in depression?

A

Early morning wakening (waking up 3/4 hours before alarm) and not getting back to sleep. Or initial insomnia

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5
Q

How would you diagnose mild depression?

A

2 out of 3 core symptoms. and 2-3 other symptoms. Very mild impact on functioning

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6
Q

How would you diagnose moderate depression?

A

2 out of 3 core symptoms and 4 other symptoms. Marked impact on functioning

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7
Q

How would you diagnose severe depression?

A

3 out of 3 core symptoms and 5 other symptoms. Severe impact on functioning.

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8
Q

What are important negatives to rule out before diagnosing depression?

A

Bipolar?- any episodes of elated mood etc. Drug/alcohol induced? Psychosis?- any hallucinations etc

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9
Q

Name 5 risk factors for depression

A

Unemployed, chronic physical illness, genetic, childhood trauma eg. abuse/loss of parental care, personality- anxious, obsessional, low self esteem

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10
Q

Name 5 risk factors for depression?

A

Unemployed, chronic physical illness, genetic, childhood trauma eg. abuse/loss of parental care, personality- anxious, obsessional, low self esteem

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11
Q

What is the cause of depression?

A

Decreased serotonin function (& GABA, dopamine, noradrenaline)

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12
Q

What is the first line treatment of depression (& mild depression)?

A

CBT, self help, group therapy, IAPT

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13
Q

What is the 2nd line treatment of depression (& moderate depression)?

A

psychological therapies AND antidepressants

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14
Q

What is the first line anti-depressant used? and why? and give 3 examples

A

SSRIs eg. citalopram, sertraline, fluoxetine. They are first line because they are the safest in an overdose.

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15
Q

What is the mechanism of action of SSRIs?

A

They stop the re-uptake of serotonin by inhibiting the re-uptake pumps leaving more free serotonin in the synapse

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16
Q

Name 4 side effects of SSRIs?

A

sexual dysfunction, weight loss, D&V, hyponatraemia

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17
Q

What is the main thing to tell patients before starting them on anti-depressants?

A

That they will feel worse initially before they get better

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18
Q

What are the 2nd line anti-depressants used? (2) and give examples

A

Mirtazipine, SNRIs - venlafaxine, duloxetine

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19
Q

How does mirtazipine work?

A

It’s a NASSA (noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant). Antagonist to adrenergic and serotonergic receptors to increase it’s neurotransmission (adrenergic receptors are inhibitory)

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20
Q

How long does it generally take anti-depressants to work?

A

Around 4 weeks.

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21
Q

How do SNRIs work?

A

Selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors- Inhibit the re-uptake pumps and noradrenaline transporter increasing the amount of free noradrenaline in the synapse

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22
Q

Name 3 side effects of mirtazipine.

A

Drowsiness, weight gain, dry mouth

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23
Q

Name 3 side effects of SNRIs

A

Sexual dysfunction, nausea, insomnia

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24
Q

Name 3 TCAs

A

Amitryptilline, nortryptilline, clomipramine

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25
Q

How do TCAs work?

A

Block both serotonin and noradrenaline pumps to increase the amount of free serotonin and noradrenaline. But also blocks muscarinic and cholinergic receptors

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26
Q

Name 4 side effects of TCAs?

A

Constipation, dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention ‘can’t shit, can’t spit, can’t see, can’t pee’

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27
Q

Name 2 MAOIs

A

Rasagiline, phenelzine

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28
Q

How do MAOIs work?

A

Block the monoamine oxidase enzyme to stop the breakdown of monoamines - higher levels of serotonin and noradrenaline in the synapse

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29
Q

Why are MAOIs potentially dangerous?

A

Tyramine is a monoamine present in many things and is a potent vasoconstrictor. It is not broken down due to MAOIs so can cause hypertensive crisis.

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30
Q

What are 3 side effects of MAOIs?

A

Constipation, headache, postural hypotension

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31
Q

Why are MAOIs not used as much anymore?

A

Lots of dietary restrictions - couldn’t eat foods with tyramine in eg. beer, white wine, cheese, smoked meat/fish

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32
Q

What is the leading cause of maternal death post partum?

A

Suicide.

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33
Q

What is discontinuation syndrome?

A

Symptoms that occur when antidepressants are stopped abruptly or the dose is decreased too quickly

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34
Q

What symptoms do you get in discontinuation syndrome?

A

GI disturbances, flu like symptoms, anxiety, sweating, dizziness, electric shocks down spine and neck

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35
Q

What 2 drugs are the main culprits of discontinuation syndrome and why?

A

Venlafaxine and paroxetine- they have the shortest half lives so are excreted from the body very quickly

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36
Q

When are patients deemed to be treatment refractory on anti-depressants?

A

When 2 or more anti-depressants haven’t worked

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37
Q

How do you treat treatment refractory depressed patients

A

Combine anti-depressants, Mood stabiliser- lithium, anti-psychotics, Vortioxetine (serotonin modulator), ECT

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38
Q

When is ECT indicated?

A

For severe depression- when medication hasn’t worked and it is becoming potentially life threatening

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39
Q

What is the mechanism of action of ECT?

A

Unknown. Think maybe it increases release of neurotransmitters or enhances response of post-synaptic receptors to neurotransmitters

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40
Q

Name 6 side effects of ECT

A

Memory loss, confusion, drowsiness, headache, nausea , aching muscles, loss of concentration in longer term

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41
Q

Define ‘bipolar disorder’

A

A disorder characterised by 2 or more episodes of alternating mood - either elated with increased energy (mania) or low mood with decreased energy (depression)

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42
Q

Define Bipolar I disorder

A

Mania and depression (sometimes only mania)

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43
Q

Define Bipolar II disorder

A

More episodes of depression and only hypomania

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44
Q

Give 7 symptoms of mania

A

‘DIGFAST’: distractibility, indiscretion (impaired judgement and reduced social inhibitors), grandiose delusions (can be psychotic sx= diagnostic of mania), flight of ideas, activity increase, sleep deficit/increased sexual activity, talkative (pressure of speech)

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45
Q

What is the difference between mania and hypomania?

A

Hypomanic symptoms last 4+ days, manic sx last over a week. Hypomania only partially affects functioning, mania fully affects the patient’s functioning and life

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46
Q

What is cyclothymia?

A

Disorder similar to bipolar but they have milder symptoms so switch between episodes of mild depression and hypomania

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47
Q

What is the gold standard treatment of Bipolar? (medication)

A

Lithium. Works best on mania and works to reduces relapses

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48
Q

How does Lithium work?

A

Mechanism of action is unknown. Thought to inhibit cAMP production (which inhibits monoamines), overall increasing monoamines

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49
Q

Why is it important to monitor drugs and diet etc while on lithium?

A

Anything that causes the body to lose sodium and water can be damaging because lithium already causes water loss and can lead to toxicity eg. Diuretics, NSAIDs, ACEi low salt diet,

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50
Q

Name 6 side effects of Lithium

A

LITHIUM: diabetes insipidus, fine tremor, hydration - increased thirst and polyuria, increased GI disturbances, underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism), metallic taste in mouth

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51
Q

What 3 aspects need careful monitoring when on Lithium?and when are they checked?

A

Lithium levels- every week until the dose is stable, on every dose change and 3 monthly once stable. Thyroid function at the start and every 6 months. Renal function at the start and every 6 months

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52
Q

What is the biggest risk while on lithium?

A

Lithium toxicity

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53
Q

What level does lithium have to be to be toxic?

A

> 1.5 mmol/L

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54
Q

Name 4 causes of lithium toxicity

A

Overdose, sudden dehydration, diarrhoea and vomiting,, new drugs/interactions eg. NSAIDS, diuretics, ACEi, change in salt level in diets

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55
Q

Name 6 symptoms of lithium toxicity

A

Coarse tremor, diarrhoea, vomiting, myoclonic jerks, seizures, confusion

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56
Q

Between what ages is the commonest onset of schizophrenia?

A

15-35 years old

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57
Q

What is the cause of schizophrenia?

A

Overactivation of dopamine receptors leading to excessive dopamine production

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58
Q

Name 3 risk factors of schizophrenia?

A

Birth injury - such as infant hypoxia or viral infections in pregnancy, substance misuse especially cannabis, childhood/family dysfunction

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59
Q

What is the definition of schizophrenia?

A

A disorder characterised by a distortion in thinking and loss of contact with reality.

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60
Q

Name the first rank symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

3rd person auditory hallucinations ‘running commentary’, delusional perceptions (delusions of reverence), passivity phenomena, thought alienation- thought insertion, thought withdrawal, thought broadcast

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61
Q

What is the definition of delusional perceptions?

A

A true perception to which a patient has attributed a false meaning eg. patient will see the traffic light turn green and believe the government is after them

62
Q

What is the definition of passivity phenomena?

A

The belief that external agents are controlling the patient’s thoughts and movements.

63
Q

What is the definition of thought insertion?

A

Patient’s believe that thoughts are being put into their head by external agents

64
Q

What is the definition of thought withdrawal?

A

Patients’ believe that thoughts are being taken out of their head by external agents

65
Q

What is the definition of thought broadcast?

A

Patients believe that everyone around them can hear what they are thinking

66
Q

Name 5 secondary symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Delusions. 2nd person auditory hallucinations, hallucinations in any other modality eg. tactile, visual. Negative symptoms- apathy, blunted emotional responses, social isolation, poverty of speech, self-neglect. Catatonic behaviour- either motor rigidity or severe excitement.

67
Q

How do you diagnose schizophrenia?

A

Need 1 first rank symptom lasting 1 month or more

68
Q

What investigations would you do when a patient presents with a mental illness?

A

FBC- WCC, U&Es, CRP/ESR, glucose, urine drug screen, LFTs, TFTs. CT/MRI brain- exclude structural causes. ECG.

69
Q

What examinations would you do when a patient presents with a mental illness?

A

Cardiac exam- listened to heart sounds, respiratory exam- any infection? normal breath sounds. Neurological exam- any neurological sx from any disorders? Abdominal- any masses? Urological- UTI eg

70
Q

How do typical anti-psychotics work?

A

They antagonise dopamine 2 receptors so artificially decrease the amount of dopamine in the brain

71
Q

Name 4 typical/first generation anti-psychotics?

A

Haloperidol, chlorpromazine, sulpiride, prochlorperazine

72
Q

Name 6 atypical/2nd generation anti-psychotics?

A

Clozapine, Amisulpiride, Quetiapine, Olanzipine, Risperidone, Aripriprazole

73
Q

How do atypical anti-psychotics work? And why are they more advantageous?

A

They block dopamine 2 and serotonin (5HT) receptors which reduce the number of EPSEs

74
Q

When is clozapine used?

A

For treatment resistant schizophrenia.

75
Q

When are patients declared treatment resistant and requiring clozapine?

A

When 3 antipsychotics have been tried and failed

76
Q

What is the biggest risk to the patient when on clozapine?

A

Agranulocytosis so need mandatory monitoring of FBC monthly

77
Q

Name 3 other side effects of clozapine (other than agranulocytosis)

A

Constipation, myocarditis, hyper salivation

78
Q

What are the side effects of first gen/typical anti-psychotics? (4)

A

ESPEs - acute dystonic reaction, tardive dyskinesia, Parkinsonism, akathisia

79
Q

What are the symptoms of acute dystonic reaction? (3)

A

Sustained involuntary muscular contractions affecting any part of body eg. Muscle spasm, ocular gyrate crisis (eyes rolled up), acute torticollis (twisted neck)

80
Q

How do you treat acute dystonic reaction?

A

ABCDE. Treat with fluids and IV anticholinergics- procyclidine (blocks Ach so stops parasympathetic impulse causing s/m contraction)

81
Q

What are the symptoms of tardive dyskinesia? (3)

A

Tongue protrusion, lip smacking, grimacing

82
Q

How do you treat tardive dyskinesia?

A

Stop the anti-psychotic.

83
Q

What are the symptoms of Parkinsonism (4)

A

Bradykinesia, resting tremor, rigidity, shuffling gait

84
Q

How do you treat the symptoms of Parkinsonism?

A

Change the anti-psychotic/reduce dose, anticholinergic- procyclidine

85
Q

What are the symptoms of akathisia?

A

‘inner restlessness’, pacing, agitation

86
Q

How do you treat akathisia?

A

Change anti-psychotic/ reduce dose to lowest possible, may need propranolol

87
Q

What are the side effects of atypical/2nd generation antipsychotics (9)

A

They are more anticholinergic side effects - dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, urinary retention, palpitations, weight gain, diabetes, erectile dysfunction, HYPERPROLACTINAEMIA

88
Q

What are 2 emergency side effects of antipsychotics?

A

Long QT syndrome, neuroleptic malignant syndrome

89
Q

Name 7 things that need regularly monitoring while on antipsychotics

A

Bloods- FBC, U&E, Lipids, HbA1c, LFTs. ECG- long QT, prolactin, BP, weight, efficacy and adherence, side effects

90
Q

What psychological treatment is used in schizophrenia?

A

CBT, family therapy, substance misuse clinic (if needed), social- housing, occupation

91
Q

What is schizoaffective disorder?

A

Condition which has symptoms of a mood disorder and psychotic symptoms at the same time with the same intensity

92
Q

How do you treat schizoaffective disorder?

A

With antipsychotics and a mood stabiliser

93
Q

What is the triad of symptoms in serotonin syndrome?

A

Autonomic hyperactivity- tachycardia, sweating. neuromuscular abnormality- hyperreflexia, clonus, tremor. Mental state change- confusion, anxiety, agitation

94
Q

What is the cause of serotonin syndrome?

A

Excessive stimulation of serotonin receptors. Can be due to normal drug dose, overdose, drug interactions

95
Q

What drugs cause serotonin syndrome?

A

Antidepressants- SSRIs, TCA. analgesics- tramadol, pethidine. Recreational- amphetamine, cocaine. Anti-emetics

96
Q

What investigations would you do in someone presenting with symptoms of serotonin syndrome?

A

Toxicology screen to find cause. Diagnosis is clinical.

97
Q

How do you treat serotonin syndrome?

A

If mild- supportive tx: IV fluids and benzodiazepines for agitation. If severe- ITU for ventilatory support and sedation

98
Q

What is the cause of neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

A

Greatly reduced function and amount of dopamine. Side effect of anti-psychotics.

99
Q

What are the symptoms of neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

A

Fever, muscle rigidity- dyspnoea, dysphagia, difficulty walking, altered mental state- confusion, agitation, autonomic dysfunction- pallor, tachycardia, sweating

100
Q

What is the main sign found on investigation in neuroleptic malignant syndrome

A

Very raised creatinine kinase

101
Q

What is the treatment of neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

A

Supportive- IV fluids, cooling blankets for fever, Benzos for agitation. Dopaminergic drugs eg. bromocriptine.

102
Q

What is the definition of personality disorder?

A

Prevailing, chronic, abnormal disturbances in personality and behaviour

103
Q

Name 4 characteristics of a paranoid PD?

A

Suspicious of others, holds grudges, distrusting, preoccupied with conspiratorial explanations

104
Q

Name 4 characteristics of a schizoid PD?

A

Emotionally cold- withdrawn from others and can’t show emotion. Socially isolated- no interest in others. Prefer to be in a fantasy world. Excessive introspection.

105
Q

Name 4 characteristics of a dissocial PD?

A

Aggressive, callous unconcern for other people, lack of guilt for what they’ve done, criminal activity is common

106
Q

Name 4 characteristics of borderline (emotionally unstable) PD?

A

Unpredictable mood and affect- prone to outbursts of emotion, unclear sense of self/aims, unstable/intense relationship. Pseudohallucinations. Self harm/suicide attempts.

107
Q

Name 4 characteristics of borderline (impulsive) PD?

A

Impulsive behaviour- acts without thought for consequences, unpredictable mood and affect- prone to outbursts. Inability to control anger- lash out. Tendency to conflict with others.

108
Q

Name 4 characteristics of a histrionic PD?

A

Over-dramatise with exaggerated expression of emotions self-centred, seeks attention and excitement, manipulative behaviour, easily hurt feelings

109
Q

Name 4 characteristics of anankastic PD?

A

(Obsessive compulsive) Worries and doubts, perfectionist, repeated checking and preoccupation with details, rigidity and stubbornness

110
Q

Name 4 characteristics of an anxious PD?

A

Feelings of tension/anxiousness, fear of rejection- wants to be liked, insecure, tendency to avoid everyday situations by exaggerating dangers of it.

111
Q

Name 4 characteristics of a dependent PD?

A

Reliance on other people, clingy and submissive to wishes of others, fear of abandonment, feels helpless and incompetent (especially when not in relationship)

112
Q

What are 5 risk factors/causes of developing PD?

A

Growing up : Abuse (physical, sexual, verbal), neglect, trauma eg. death of parent, unstable family life- parent is alcoholic/ mental health issues, being bullied

113
Q

What is the main treatment of PD? and how does it work?

A

DBT- dialectical behavioural therapy. Emphasis on developing coping skills to improve affective stability and impulse control and on reducing self-harm behaviours

114
Q

Are medications useful in PD?

A

Useful in symptom management eg. aggression- short term benzodiazepines, mood stabilisers- antipsychotics, antidepressants if comorbid depression

115
Q

What is the definition of anxiety disorder?

A

Excessive anxiety (feeling fearful, worried and tense) constantly, across different situations and lasting >6 months

116
Q

What are 7 symptoms of anxiety?

A

Insomnia, feeling fearful, worried and tense in all situations, irritability, poor concentration, Sweating, nausea, hyperventilation, dependence on 1 person, avoidance

117
Q

What are 3 causes of anxiety?

A

Stress at work/home eg. lots of work/relationship troubles, genetics, stressful events- lost job, moving house etc

118
Q

What is the first line treatment of anxiety?

A

Symptom control. Regular exercise, mediation. Psychological therapies.

119
Q

Name 3 psychological therapies that can be used in the treatment of anxiety?

A

CBT with relaxation. Progressive relaxation training- teaches deep breathing and relaxing muscles. Behavioural therapy- with exposure to anxiety provoking stimuli

120
Q

Name the first line medication given for anxiety?

A

SSRIs- eg. sertraline or benzodiazepines eg. diazepam (but only in short term bursts)

121
Q

What other medications (not first line) given for anxiety?

A

Pregabalin. 2nd line- SNRI/TCA. Beta blockers can be used to treat physical symptoms of anxiety eg. sweating ,palpitations, tremor.

122
Q

Define panic disorder

A

Acute onset of intense panic and anxiety symptoms that don’t usually last longer than 20 minutes

123
Q

Name 6 physical symptoms that occur in panic disorder?

A

Palpitations, tachypnoea, chest pain, dry mouth, choking, dizziness

124
Q

Name 5 psychological symptoms that occur in panic disorder?

A

Feeling of impending doom, fear of dying ,fear of losing control, depersonalisation (thoughts/feelings don’t belong to them), derealisation (altered perception that world isnt real)

125
Q

Define OCD.

A

Obsessive compulsive disorder. Patient will have obsessive thoughts and do compulsive acts and will try to be resisted by patient initially.

126
Q

What are obsessions?

A

Stereotyped, purposeless words or thoughts eg. if dont wash hands 40 times a day ,she will get a severe infection

127
Q

What are compulsions?

A

Sensless repeated rituals eg. repeated hand washing

128
Q

Name 3 characteristics about the obsessions

A

Irrational (recognised by pt), repetitive and intrusive

129
Q

What are the 3 most common compulsions?

A

Checking things repeatedly, counting and washing

130
Q

How do you diagnose OCD?

A

Obsessions/compulsions on most days for at least 2 weeks and interfering with life - usually by wasting time

131
Q

What is the pathophysiology behind OCD?

A

Abnormalities in orbitofrontal cortex and caudate nucleus

132
Q

What are 5 causes of OCD?

A

Genetics, developmental factors- abuse, neglect, bullying. Stress eg. pregnancy. Personality characteristics- obsessive type. Neurological conditions- frontotemporal dementia/ tumour

133
Q

Which psychiatric patients are at risk of OCD? (4)

A

Depression, anxiety ,substance misuse, eating disorders

134
Q

What is first line treatment for OCD?

A

CBT- exposure and response prevention. Expose them to the trigger.

135
Q

What is the medication treatment for OCD?

A

First line- SSRI eg. fluoxetine. or Clomipramine - TCA

136
Q

What is the definition of a phobia?

A

Anxiety that is experienced only/predominantly in situations that aren’t dangerous

137
Q

When does a phobia become a phobic disorder?

A

When it begins to significantly impair function

138
Q

Name 4 symptoms of phobia

A

Palpitations, feeling faint, losing control, fear of dying

139
Q

What is agoraphobia?

A

Fear of big areas eg. crowds, supermarkets, travel, events away from home. They fear something bad will happen so tend to avoid this.

140
Q

What are social phobias? What are 3 symptoms?

A

Triggered by certain situations eg. small dinner party. Worried about judgement from other people. Sx= blushing, hand tremor, nausea

141
Q

What is a simple phobia?

A

Phobia is triggered by certain situations only eg. spiders, clowns, heights, small spaces

142
Q

What is the main treatment for a phobia?

A

Exposure therapy

143
Q

What is the definition of acute stress reaction?

A

It’s a transient condition that develops as a response to exceptional physical/ mental stress that usually lasts hours-days.

144
Q

What are the symptoms of acute stress reaction?

A

Immediate dissociation- disorientated, loss of attention, decreased consciousness. Followed by mixed emotions -anger, anxiety, confusion

145
Q

What is the treatment for acute stress reaction?

A

TRICK QUESTION! Sx usually resolve without intervention

146
Q

What is PTSD?

A

Post traumatic stress disorder. It develops after an exceptionally stressful, life threatening or catastrophic event.

147
Q

Name 7 symptoms of PTSD.

A

Flashbacks in day time and nightmares replaying the past trauma, hypervigiliance, insomnia, paranoia, detachment from others, anhedonia, poor concentration, suicidal thoughts

148
Q

What is the pathophysiology of PTSD?

A

Failure to inhibit amygdala which is responsible for fear and decreased amygdala threshold for fearful stimuli

149
Q

What is the first line treatment for PTSD?

A

Trauma focused CBT. Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (uses rhythmic eye movements to decrease anxiety associated with traumatic events), Anxiety management, relaxation/de-stress techniques.

150
Q

What medications can be given for PTSD?

A

SSRI- fluoxetine! Mirtazipine. Benzos can be given for sleep and irritability- short term.

Psychiatry (3 decks)

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