Conditioning

Question 1

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 1

A stimulus that can eventually trigger a conditioned response

Question 2

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Answer 2

A stimulus that leads to an automatic response without any prior learning

Question 3

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 3

A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus that occurs after conditioning

Question 4

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Answer 4

A reflex action that occurs naturally and automatically in response to an unconditioned stimulus

Question 5

Conditioned Reflex

Answer 5

The conditioned stimulus + the conditioned response

Question 6

Unconditioned Reflex

Answer 6

The unconditioned stimulus + the unconditioned response

Question 7

Generalization

Answer 7

A learnt reflex through BOTH operant and classical conditioning that can be used to other situations (ex. Piano tuner in place of bell; dog still salivates when dinged, but more/less depending on tone; the closer the tone to the original tone, the stronger the response

Question 8

Discrimination

Answer 8

Opposite of generalization; trained to NOT respond to any tone other than the specified tone (ex. Rewarded for 500 htz, nothing for 450 htz)

Question 9

Extinction

Answer 9

Getting rid of/undoing the conditioning you created

Question 10

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 10

Nervous system makes it hard for the conditioning to go away, so it’ll always be in your system so it may come back sometimes (retraining happens faster than first time)

Question 11

2nd order Conditioning

Answer 11

Addition of another CS (balloon/dog example)

Question 12

Counter conditioning

Answer 12

Suppressing an unwanted response by conditioning a competing one; overwhelm and replace with different response; 2 types (aversion & systemic)

Question 13

Aversion Therapy

Answer 13

You currently like something and then turned into something you don’t like (addiction treatment; sheep/wolf example)

Question 14

Systematic Desensitization

Answer 14

Currently don’t like something and then turned into something you like/tolerate (phobia of spider example; alleviating a phobia of something; replace negative reaction of a thing with a powerful positive reaction of that thing)

Question 15

Conditioned Inhibition

Answer 15

Conditioned to NOT have a response; absence itself can lead to a conditioned repsonse

Question 16

Blocking

Answer 16

One CS is more dominant than other CS; CR happens to be more dominant than other CS (loud tone, small light done at the same time & food is given; associated food with tone because the tone over powers the light)

Question 17

Configural Conditioning

Answer 17

Various combination of CS1 & CS2 makes a different outcome

Question 18

Latent Inhibition

Answer 18

Have a CS you are used to ignoring is learned to associate with nothing is now paired with something, making the new thing irrelevant (new, nonsense things makes learning quicker)

Question 19

Opponent Process Learning

Answer 19

When UR is opposite CR (not same behavior); thinking about it makes you do it (meth example)

Question 20

Discriminative Stimuli

Answer 20

Defines situations; “if you do this, you might get a reward” (gambling)

Question 21

Shaping

Answer 21

Gravitate towards good behaviors instead of bad behaviors due to past experiences/actions; slowly moving towards a goal (dog/monkey example — steps)

Question 22

Chaining

Answer 22

Doing multiple things in a certain order; last item is usually trained first (dog triathlon example)

Question 23

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 23

Something presented to encourage a behavior (good/desired)

Question 24

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 24

Something that is taken away to encourage a behavior (bad/dreaded)

Question 25

Positive Punishment

Answer 25

Something that is presented to DIScourage a behavior (bad/dreaded)

Question 26

Negative Punishment

Answer 26

Something that is taken away to DIScourage a behavior (good/desired)

Question 27

Escape Response

Answer 27

Lead from negative reinforcements (seatbelt example)

Question 28

Avoidance Response

Answer 28

Just not putting yourself in a situation you may have to escape from

Question 29

Fixed Ratio Schedule

Answer 29

Something leading up to the “prize”

Question 30

Variable Ratio Schedule

Answer 30

Ratio behavior to get reward (do behavior 5 times one day, 20 the next); can lead to addictive behaviors; excitement of not knowing (gambling)

Question 31

Fixed Interval Schedule

Answer 31

Ability to earn reward after a fixed passage of time; wage/hour worker (works, but doesn’t motivate to do a good job)

Question 32

Variable Interval Schedule

Answer 32

Some passage of time is associated with reward (average); unsure how long is needed to earn reward (social media likes example; gambling)

Question 33

Primary Reinforcer

Answer 33

Needs, survival; make for very reliable reinforcer; basically torture

Question 34

Secondary Reinforcer

Answer 34

Learn to like/dislike (up to individual person)

Question 35

Extrinsic Reinforcer

Answer 35

Comes from outside of you/from someone else; you don’t control it (ex. Money from a job)

Question 36

Intrinsic Reinforcer

Answer 36

Self-motivated behaviors, you control yourself; do something because you like to do it

Question 37

Latent Learning

Answer 37

Learning in the absence of reinforcement (we do it but we don’t show it)

Question 38

Response Consequence Interval (RCI)

Answer 38

You do a behavior and then there is a delay before a consequence (the longer the RCI, the less effective conditioning will be; the longer the wait, the more time something else could happen in between, ex. Aspirin/tequila example)

Question 39

Discounting the future

Answer 39

Engage in a behavior because of immediate/short-term win, but long-term loss (makes operant conditioning less predictable)

Question 40

Precommitment

Answer 40

A way to avoid future mistakes (telling yourself to make right choice, but then make wrong choice; pre-commit to never be in “red dot” situation)

Question 41

Premack principle

Answer 41

Do a behavior you don’t like to be able to do a behavior you do like (gramma’s rule “eat you spinach before playing”)

Question 42

Equilibrium theory

Answer 42

Recognition that we all have bliss points; anything that gets you closer to your bliss point is a reward, anything that keeps you or pushes you over can be a punishment

Question 43

Absolute associations

Answer 43

Something literal is associated with the consequence (if animal goes to same color)

Question 44

Transpositions

Answer 44

The relationship between two things (animal notices the color pattern, sticks to the darker color)