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Cell Biology > Condensed Review > Flashcards

Condensed Review Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What phases are Cdks present in the cell cycle?

A

All phases

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2
Q

What does centromere protein A (CENP-A) do?

A

recruits proteins to the centromere from the kinetochore

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3
Q

What do cyclins do and how do they do it?

A

regulate cell cycle progression by activating Cdks

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4
Q

What does the Gap 2-M phase checkpoint do?

A

checks DNA replication status and the integrity of the DNA.

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5
Q

When is mitosis promoting factor (MPF) activated?

A

When it is singly phosphorylated

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6
Q

What does the Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway controls?

A

the degradation of regulatory proteins

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7
Q

What is the phosphorylation of condensin done by? What is the phosphorylation of condensin required for?

A

it is done by M-cyclin-M-Cdk. It is required for chromosome condensation.

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8
Q

Cyclin synthesis and degradation, Cdk phosphorylation, and Cdk dephosphorylation all do what?

A

regulate mitotic Cdk activity

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9
Q

After DNA replication, the sister chromatids are held together by what?

A

Cohesins

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10
Q

Condensins assemble or associates with DNA when what?

A

phosphorylated by M-Cdk

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11
Q

DNA damage causes elevated levels of p53, what does this result in?

A

the expression of Cdk inhibitor proteins such as p21

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12
Q

What does S-Cdk do to ensure that DNA replication only happens once?

A

it phosphorylates cdc60 and inactivates it.

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13
Q

Progression through the cell cycle requires a ____ to bind to a ____?

A

cyclin, Cdk

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14
Q

The binding of a cyclin to a Cdk is also required for what?

A

Cdk enzymatic activity

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15
Q

During anaphase, why are sister chromatids separated?

A

because securins are degraded and destroyed due to ubiquitination by APC

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16
Q

The Gap 1 DNA damage checkpoint inhibits cyclin-Cdk complexes by what?

A

p21 (p21 is a protein that muffles signaling from the cyclin-Cdk complex)

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17
Q

The concentration of M-cyclin falls where because of ubiquitination and degradation?

A

at about the end of M phase

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18
Q

The retinoblastoma (Rb) protein blocks cells from entering the cell cycle by doing what?

A

inhibiting cyclin transcription

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19
Q

M-Cdk stimulates or promotes the activity of APC. The APC promotes the degradation of proteins that regulate M phase and it inhibits M-Cdk activity.

A

just memorize this one idk what to make the question out of this.

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20
Q

Phosphorylation of mitotic Cdk by the inhibitory kinase (Wee1) makes the Cdk inactive, inhibiting the Cdc25 phosphatase will delay the G2/M transition and the activating phosphatase (Cdc25) removes the two phosphates from mitotic Cdk that were added by Wee1, so that M- Cdk will be active.

A

just memorize this one idl what to make the question out of this.

21
Q

In what phase are sister chromatids separated

A

Anaphase II

22
Q

When does meiosis most resemble mitosis?

A

In meiosis II

23
Q

What is the result of Meiosis I

A

Two haploid cells

24
Q

Meiosis includes ___ round of replication and ___ nuclear division(s)

A

one, two

25
Q

What does meiosis produce?

A

Four haploid cells, with a random mix of maternal and paternal chromosomes

26
Q

In what phase of prophase I does the synaptonemal become fully developed?

A

pachytene

27
Q

During homologous recombination (meiosis), chiasmata hold homologous chromosomes together until when?

A

Until the cell is ready to divide

28
Q

Why do different gametes end up with different alleles of each gene?

A

because segregation of homologs is random

29
Q

What do sexually reproducing organisms use sexual reproduction for?

A

to alter and to merge haploid cells to generate diploid cells

30
Q

What does the formation of a bivalent ensure?

A

all four sister chromatids remain together until the cell is ready to divide

31
Q

Do the paternal and maternal chromosomes pair with each other before or after lining up at the metaphase plate?

A

before

32
Q

Name some advantages of sexual reproduction

A

unicellular organisms have an increased ability to adapt to harsh environments, reshuffles genes, can speed up elimination of deleterious alleles.

33
Q

What is a zygote?

A

a fertilized egg

34
Q

What is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis

A

Necrosis=cells swell and burst, apoptosis= cells shrink and condense

35
Q

what is apoptosis?

A

programmed cell death, an intracellular suicide program

36
Q

What can promote apoptosis?

A

release of cytochrome c into the cytosol from mitochondria

37
Q

what is mitochondrial division mechanistically like?

A

Prokaryotic cell division

38
Q

The mitochondrial outer membrane in permeable to molecules with a molecular mass as high as?

A

5000 daltons

39
Q

What does the mitochondrial inner membrane contain?

A

transporters for ATP molecules

40
Q

What does the mitochondrial intermembrane space contain?

A

proteins (cytochrome c) that are released during apoptosis

41
Q

The mitochondrial matrix contains what?

A

enzymes required for the oxidation of fatty acids

42
Q

What is glycolysis, what is it used for and where does it occur?

A

It is an anaerobic process used to catabolize glucose and it occurs in the cytosol.

43
Q

What is the final metabolite produces by glycolysis

A

pyruvate

44
Q

What is the net number of activated carrier molecules produced from one molecule of glucose?

A

2 molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of NADH

45
Q

What does the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA in aerobic cell respiration include?

A

production of carbon dioxide

46
Q

What happens in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

a phosphate group is added to ADP to produce ATP

47
Q

What is the process oxidative phosphorylation,

A

molecular oxygen serves as a final electron acceptor, FADH2 and
NADH become oxidized as they transfer a pair of electrons to the electron-transport chain and the electron carriers in the electron-transport chain toggle between reduced and oxidized states as electrons are passed along. (Glycolysis (glucose to pyruvate) is not the same as oxidative phosphorylation)

48
Q

What things act as a proton pump in in the electron transport chain?

A

NADH dehydrogenase, cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome c oxidase

49
Q

What is cytochrome c oxidase required for?

A

to combine the pair of electrons with molecular oxygen.

Cell Biology (5 decks)

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