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clin med final > condensed > Flashcards

condensed Flashcards

1
Q

small intestine

A

plats a role in immunity

paneth cells

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2
Q

large intestines

A

immune cells

MALTs

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3
Q

GERD

A

incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter

pain that radiates to the back, neck and jaw

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4
Q

acute gastritis

A

hemorrhagic or active erosive

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5
Q

chronic gastritis

A

h. pylori gastritis

multifocal atrophic gastritis

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6
Q

h.pylori gastritis

A

antral portion (entry of the stomach)

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7
Q

multifocal atrophic gastritis (MAG)

A

patchy

related to h.pylori

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8
Q

peptic ulcer dz –> gastric ulcer

A

associated w/ NSAID digestion

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9
Q

peptic ulcer dz –> duodenal ulcer

A

h-pylori related

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10
Q

IBS

A

crohn’s

ulcerative collitis

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11
Q

crohn’s test question

A

dzed area of the intestine w/ normal intestine b/w w/ periods of exacerbation and remission (discontinuous)

involves all layer of the bowel wall

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12
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

chronic inflammatory disorder of the mucosa and submucosa of the colon in a continuous manner

without skips

characterized by chronic diarrhea and rectal with ulceration

large intestine primarily affected

diagnosis: microscopically

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13
Q

difference b/w crohn’s and ulcerative colitis

A

granulomas present in CD but not in UC

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14
Q

cholelithiasis

A

stones form in the bile

gallstrone dz

referred pain in the scapular and midback region

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15
Q

esophageal cancer

A

constant retrosternal pain that radiates to the back

hoarseness from the laryngeal nerve compression

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16
Q

gastric adenocarcinomas

A

chronic h.pylori infections greats risk factor

indigestion, anorexia, weight-loss, early satiety, nausea, gastric outlet obstruction or occult bleeding

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17
Q

intestinal polyps

A

can be a risk factor for developing colorectal cancer

lower abdominal cramping, diarrhea w/ rectal bleeding, passage of mucus

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18
Q

chronic hepatitis

A

chronic with evidence of ongoing injury for over 6 months

nausea, poor appetite, weight loss, muscle weakness, itching, dark urine, jaundice

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19
Q

fulminant hepatitis

A

rapidly growing liver inflammation, hepatic encephalopathy

caused by acetaminophen hepatotoxicity

complications: infection, hypoglycemia, coagulation defects, lactic acidosis, GI hemorrhage

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20
Q

alcoholic liver dz

A

spider angiomata and liver tenderness*

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21
Q

acute pancreatitis

A

build up of pancreatic enzymes autodigestion

commonly caused by gallstones and alc abuse

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22
Q

chronic pancreatitis

A

irreversible changes secondary to chronic inflammation

causes: chronic alc consumption

abdominal pain that radiates to the back

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23
Q

vaginitis in children

A

poor perineal hygiene

involves infection w/ GI tract flora

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24
Q

vaginitis w/ women of reproductive age

A

usually infectious

bacterial -> d/t alteration of vaginal flora, lactobacelli and anaerobic pathogens

candidal –> candida albicans

trichomonal –> co-infection w/ gonorrhea or syph

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25
Q

postmenopausal women –> vaginitis

A

marked in estrogen

vaginal thinning

increasing vulnerability to infection and inflammation

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26
Q

clinical man –> vaginitis

A

accompanied by pruitus, erythema and sometimes burning, pain or mild bleeding

atrophic –> discharge is scant, dyspareunia, vaginal tissue appears thin

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27
Q

pelvic inflammatory dz

A

includes endometriosis, salpingitis, tubo ovarian abscess and pelvic peritonitis

common cause: infertility, chronic pain and ectopic pregnancy

often associated w/ STDS/STIS

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28
Q

breast cancer

A

more likely in the ducts

BRCA1 & BRCA2

inflammatory breast cancer (on test, redness, warmth, bad lymph drainage)

estrogen is believed to be a key factor in promoting breast cancer but not triggering it

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29
Q

metastes –> breast cancer

A

bone –> commonly affect the vertebrae, pelvic, ribs, hips, femur and humerus

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30
Q

early detection breast caner

A

clinical breast exam beginning at age 20 every 3 yrs

31
Q

ER negative –> breast cancer

A

chemo

32
Q

ER positive –> breast cancer

A

tamoxifen

33
Q

uternine fibroids

A

can grow to the size of a grape fruit and put pressure on the bladder

can cause abnormal heavy bleeding during or between periods

anemia, weakness and fatigue

34
Q

endometrial carcinoma

A

most common cancer in females

exposure to estrogen unopposed by progesterone

35
Q

cervical cancer

A

HPV –> targets tumor suppressor genes

maternal use of DES, smoking, hormonal contraceptive, high parity, presence of STDs

36
Q

ovarian cancer

A

p53 and BRCA1

frequently misdiagnosed d/t non specific or vague symptoms

if CA-125 present in blood = higher risk

37
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

implantation of a fertilized ovum outside the uterine cavity

emergency

amenorrhea or irregular bleeding, non-specific lower abdominal quadrant or back pain, pelvic mass

38
Q

abruptio placentae

A

painful uterine bleeding during 3rd trimester

39
Q

placenta accreta

A

massive hemorrhage after delivery

40
Q

placenta previa

A

placenta grows in the lowest part of the uterus and covers all or part of the opening to the cervix

41
Q

pre-eclampsia

A

hypertension

proteinuria

edema

42
Q

eclampsia

A

pre-eclampsia and seizure

43
Q

viruses

A

completely dependent on host for replication

RNA & DNA

44
Q

mycoplasms

A

no cell wall component

strict dependence on host

45
Q

bacteria

A

no dependence on host

46
Q

rickettsiae

A

produce dz in humans through a bite of an insect vector

require host

47
Q

chlamydiae

A

larger than viruses but smaller than bacteria and rickettsiae

depend on host cell

48
Q

protozoa

A

non-differentiated cells loosely held together

have cell membrane

49
Q

fungi

A

unicellular to filamentous organisms

50
Q

prions

A

long latent interval in the host

transmitted from animals to humans

51
Q

herpes simplex virus

A

remains latent in the sensory ganglia

lesions appear in the distal sensory nerve distribution

52
Q

HSV-1

A

affects the mouth

cold sores and mouth sores

53
Q

HSV-2

A

genital area

lesions take longer to heal

54
Q

HSV can also cause

A

viral meningitis

encephalitis

keratitis

55
Q

diagnosis HSV

A

viral cultures of vesicular fluid

56
Q

treatment and suppression of HSV-2

A

acyclovir

57
Q

hematogy include

A

formed elements

-erythrocytes

leukocytes

platelets

58
Q

formation of developmental blood cells

A

hormones and feedback mechanism

59
Q

acute leukemia

A

immature

functionless cells called blasts in the bone marrow and blood

60
Q

acute myelogenous leukemia

A

cell division w/o regulation or failure to undergo apoptosis

diagnosis = an excessive amount of immature cells

clin man: pancytopenia, petechiae, infection, spontaneous bleeding

person @ risk for cerebral hemorrhage

61
Q

acute lymphoblastic leukemia

A

S&S result from abnormal bone marrow that is unable to engage in normal hematopoiesis

bone and joint pain from leukemic infiltration or hemorrhage into a joint may be initial symptom

risk factors –> exposure to radiation, infection w/ HTLV-1

62
Q

chronic leukemia

A

malignant dz of the bone marrow and blood that progresses slowly and permits # of more mature functional cells to be made

63
Q

chronic myeloid leukemia

A

Philadelphia chromosome

translocation of chromosome 22 and 9

creates BRC-ABL

fatigue, anorexia, weight loss

64
Q

chromic lymphocytic leukemia

A

develop pancytopenia and decreased immunoglobulin levels

asymptomatic or complain of vague, non-specific symptoms

65
Q

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

reed Sternberg cell

clonal expansion of malignant B cells

66
Q

classic HL

A

begins in a group of lymph nodes

67
Q

LPHL

A

one none involvement

68
Q

non hodgkin lymphoma

A

lymph nodes involved first then spleen, thymus, GI tract or other extranodal lymphoid tissue

69
Q

multiple myeloma

A

Primary malignant neoplasm of plasma cells (aka B cells) arising in the bone marrow

Tumor initially affects the bone and bone marrow of the vertebrae, ribs, skull, pelvis, and femur

70
Q

clin man multiple myeloma

A

fatigue, bone pain, recurrent infections

71
Q

diagnosis multiple myeloma

A

measurement of m-protein in blood and urine

72
Q

sickle cell dz

A

AR disorder characterized by the presence of an abnormal form of hemoglobin within the red blood cells crescent or sickle shape once the oxygen is released

73
Q

clin man sickle cell

A

pain caused by thrombosis

clin med final (4 decks)

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