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clin med final > condensed > Flashcards

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1
Q

small intestine

A

plats a role in immunity

paneth cells

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2
Q

large intestines

A

immune cells

MALTs

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3
Q

GERD

A

incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter

pain that radiates to the back, neck and jaw

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4
Q

acute gastritis

A

hemorrhagic or active erosive

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5
Q

chronic gastritis

A

h. pylori gastritis

multifocal atrophic gastritis

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6
Q

h.pylori gastritis

A

antral portion (entry of the stomach)

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7
Q

multifocal atrophic gastritis (MAG)

A

patchy

related to h.pylori

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8
Q

peptic ulcer dz –> gastric ulcer

A

associated w/ NSAID digestion

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9
Q

peptic ulcer dz –> duodenal ulcer

A

h-pylori related

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10
Q

IBS

A

crohn’s

ulcerative collitis

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11
Q

crohn’s test question

A

dzed area of the intestine w/ normal intestine b/w w/ periods of exacerbation and remission (discontinuous)

involves all layer of the bowel wall

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12
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

chronic inflammatory disorder of the mucosa and submucosa of the colon in a continuous manner

without skips

characterized by chronic diarrhea and rectal with ulceration

large intestine primarily affected

diagnosis: microscopically

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13
Q

difference b/w crohn’s and ulcerative colitis

A

granulomas present in CD but not in UC

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14
Q

cholelithiasis

A

stones form in the bile

gallstrone dz

referred pain in the scapular and midback region

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15
Q

esophageal cancer

A

constant retrosternal pain that radiates to the back

hoarseness from the laryngeal nerve compression

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16
Q

gastric adenocarcinomas

A

chronic h.pylori infections greats risk factor

indigestion, anorexia, weight-loss, early satiety, nausea, gastric outlet obstruction or occult bleeding

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17
Q

intestinal polyps

A

can be a risk factor for developing colorectal cancer

lower abdominal cramping, diarrhea w/ rectal bleeding, passage of mucus

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18
Q

chronic hepatitis

A

chronic with evidence of ongoing injury for over 6 months

nausea, poor appetite, weight loss, muscle weakness, itching, dark urine, jaundice

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19
Q

fulminant hepatitis

A

rapidly growing liver inflammation, hepatic encephalopathy

caused by acetaminophen hepatotoxicity

complications: infection, hypoglycemia, coagulation defects, lactic acidosis, GI hemorrhage

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20
Q

alcoholic liver dz

A

spider angiomata and liver tenderness*

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21
Q

acute pancreatitis

A

build up of pancreatic enzymes autodigestion

commonly caused by gallstones and alc abuse

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22
Q

chronic pancreatitis

A

irreversible changes secondary to chronic inflammation

causes: chronic alc consumption

abdominal pain that radiates to the back

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23
Q

vaginitis in children

A

poor perineal hygiene

involves infection w/ GI tract flora

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24
Q

vaginitis w/ women of reproductive age

A

usually infectious

bacterial -> d/t alteration of vaginal flora, lactobacelli and anaerobic pathogens

candidal –> candida albicans

trichomonal –> co-infection w/ gonorrhea or syph

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25
postmenopausal women --> vaginitis
marked in estrogen vaginal thinning increasing vulnerability to infection and inflammation
26
clinical man --> vaginitis
accompanied by pruitus, erythema and sometimes burning, pain or mild bleeding atrophic --> discharge is scant, dyspareunia, vaginal tissue appears thin
27
pelvic inflammatory dz
includes endometriosis, salpingitis, tubo ovarian abscess and pelvic peritonitis common cause: infertility, chronic pain and ectopic pregnancy often associated w/ STDS/STIS
28
breast cancer
more likely in the ducts BRCA1 & BRCA2 inflammatory breast cancer (on test, redness, warmth, bad lymph drainage) estrogen is believed to be a key factor in promoting breast cancer but not triggering it
29
metastes --> breast cancer
bone --> commonly affect the vertebrae, pelvic, ribs, hips, femur and humerus
30
early detection breast caner
clinical breast exam beginning at age 20 every 3 yrs
31
ER negative --> breast cancer
chemo
32
ER positive --> breast cancer
tamoxifen
33
uternine fibroids
can grow to the size of a grape fruit and put pressure on the bladder can cause abnormal heavy bleeding during or between periods anemia, weakness and fatigue
34
endometrial carcinoma
most common cancer in females exposure to estrogen unopposed by progesterone
35
cervical cancer
HPV --> targets tumor suppressor genes maternal use of DES, smoking, hormonal contraceptive, high parity, presence of STDs
36
ovarian cancer
p53 and BRCA1 frequently misdiagnosed d/t non specific or vague symptoms if CA-125 present in blood = higher risk
37
ectopic pregnancy
implantation of a fertilized ovum outside the uterine cavity emergency amenorrhea or irregular bleeding, non-specific lower abdominal quadrant or back pain, pelvic mass
38
abruptio placentae
painful uterine bleeding during 3rd trimester
39
placenta accreta
massive hemorrhage after delivery
40
placenta previa
placenta grows in the lowest part of the uterus and covers all or part of the opening to the cervix
41
pre-eclampsia
hypertension proteinuria edema
42
eclampsia
pre-eclampsia and seizure
43
viruses
completely dependent on host for replication RNA & DNA
44
mycoplasms
no cell wall component strict dependence on host
45
bacteria
no dependence on host
46
rickettsiae
produce dz in humans through a bite of an insect vector require host
47
chlamydiae
larger than viruses but smaller than bacteria and rickettsiae depend on host cell
48
protozoa
non-differentiated cells loosely held together have cell membrane
49
fungi
unicellular to filamentous organisms
50
prions
long latent interval in the host transmitted from animals to humans
51
herpes simplex virus
remains latent in the sensory ganglia lesions appear in the distal sensory nerve distribution
52
HSV-1
affects the mouth cold sores and mouth sores
53
HSV-2
genital area lesions take longer to heal
54
HSV can also cause
viral meningitis encephalitis keratitis
55
diagnosis HSV
viral cultures of vesicular fluid
56
treatment and suppression of HSV-2
acyclovir
57
hematogy include
formed elements -erythrocytes leukocytes platelets
58
formation of developmental blood cells
hormones and feedback mechanism
59
acute leukemia
immature functionless cells called blasts in the bone marrow and blood
60
acute myelogenous leukemia
cell division w/o regulation or failure to undergo apoptosis diagnosis = an excessive amount of immature cells clin man: pancytopenia, petechiae, infection, spontaneous bleeding person @ risk for cerebral hemorrhage
61
acute lymphoblastic leukemia
S&S result from abnormal bone marrow that is unable to engage in normal hematopoiesis bone and joint pain from leukemic infiltration or hemorrhage into a joint may be initial symptom risk factors --> exposure to radiation, infection w/ HTLV-1
62
chronic leukemia
malignant dz of the bone marrow and blood that progresses slowly and permits # of more mature functional cells to be made
63
chronic myeloid leukemia
Philadelphia chromosome translocation of chromosome 22 and 9 creates BRC-ABL fatigue, anorexia, weight loss
64
chromic lymphocytic leukemia
develop pancytopenia and decreased immunoglobulin levels asymptomatic or complain of vague, non-specific symptoms
65
Hodgkin's lymphoma
reed Sternberg cell clonal expansion of malignant B cells
66
classic HL
begins in a group of lymph nodes
67
LPHL
one none involvement
68
non hodgkin lymphoma
lymph nodes involved first then spleen, thymus, GI tract or other extranodal lymphoid tissue
69
multiple myeloma
Primary malignant neoplasm of plasma cells (aka B cells) arising in the bone marrow Tumor initially affects the bone and bone marrow of the vertebrae, ribs, skull, pelvis, and femur
70
clin man multiple myeloma
fatigue, bone pain, recurrent infections
71
diagnosis multiple myeloma
measurement of m-protein in blood and urine
72
sickle cell dz
AR disorder characterized by the presence of an abnormal form of hemoglobin within the red blood cells crescent or sickle shape once the oxygen is released
73
clin man sickle cell
pain caused by thrombosis

clin med final (4 decks)

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