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5 - Neuro > Conciousness > Flashcards

Conciousness Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the reticular formation?

A

Collection of cells in brainstem, pons and medulla

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2
Q

What are the functions of the reticular formation?

A 
Sleep regulation
Motor control
Cardiac and resp control
Autonomic functions
Motivation and reward
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3
Q

What are the main projection of the reticular formation?

A

From the hypothalamus

To the entire cerebral cortex

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4
Q

What is the ascendign reticular formation and what does it do?

A

Formed by projections of the RF

Raises consciousness

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5
Q

What affects the ascending reticular activating system?

A

LSD - inhibits ARAS. REport more vibrant colours. Leads to sensory overload and hallucinations. Hypothalamic sleep centres
Alcohol
Sleeping pills

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6
Q

What are the neurotransmitters involved in the ARAS?

A

Noradrenaline
Dopamine
Acetylcholine
Serotonin

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7
Q

What are the actions of the ARAS when awake?

A

Takes sensory information and raises arousal levels- stimulates the cerebral cortex directly and via the thalamus- inhibits inhibitory interneurones of the thalamus which sensitises thalamus to sensory inputs

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8
Q

What are the actions of the ARAS during slow wave sleep?

A

Lack of sensory input

  • removal of inhibition of the inhibitory interneurones which means the thalamus is no longer sensitised
  • less sensory information is sent to the thalamus
  • thalamocortical projections are now quiet
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9
Q

How are EEG waves stimulated?

A

The electricaly activity is generated by the feedback of the cortex to the thalamus which creates oscillating waves.

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10
Q

What can stimulate the cortex to stimulate the ARAS?

A

Stress
Anxiety
When it is not appropriate to fall asleep

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11
Q

Define EEG

A

The algebraic sum of the electrical activity of neurones measured from the scalp by electrodes.

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12
Q

Describe desynchronised pattern on EEG

A

Pt is awake with open eyes- High electrical activity occuring in all directions which goes on to cancel each other out- Cancelling out causes a small amplitude- High frequency due to high activity

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13
Q

Describe synchronised pattern on an EEG

A

Pt is awake, eyes shut- Large amplitude waves in the occipital cortex- No sensory info is being projected from the thalamus to the primary visual cortex- PVC is projecting down to the thalamus, due to lack of information- Frontal lobe is quite active due to Pt being awake

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14
Q

Why is sleep needed?

A

Energy conservation
CNS resetting
Memory (consolidate short term to long term)
Homeostasis

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15
Q

What is in control of the sleep-wake cycle?

A

Reticular formation

Hypothalamus sleep centres

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16
Q

What is non-REM sleep?

A

Slow wave sleep
“active body, inactive brain”
Restorative neurological rest

17
Q

What are some physiological things that happen during non-REM sleep?

A 
95% of hormones released in htis stage
Decreased: - cerebral blood flow
- O2 consumption
- body temp
- BP
- Resp rate
- BMR
18
Q

Describe REM sleep

A 
Active brain, inactive body
EEG appears as when awake
EEG waves spread from pons to thalamus then to the occipital lobe
Dreams happen in this phase
Difficult to disturb
19
Q

What are some physiological things that happen during REM sleep?

A 
Irregular HR and resp rate
Increased BMR
Descending inhibition of motor neurones
Penile erection
Reduced after drinking alcohol
All ACh fibres are firing, stimulating the brain.
20
Q

Why are ACh fibres active during REM sleep?

A

Thought to do with memory and information processing

21
Q

What happens to neurones when we wake up?

A

The hypothalamus stops the inhibition of the thalamus and allows NA firbres to fire. This means that the thalamus is able to stimulate the cerebral cortex.

22
Q

Define insomia

A

Inability to sleep
- Stress
- depression
insomnia

23
Q

Define parasomnia

A

Abnormal things happen during sleep- sleep talking- sleep walking- sleep paralysis (wake up and are unable to move)

24
Q

Define hypersomnia

A

Daytime sleepiness

25
Q

Describe narcolepsy

A

Deficiency of orexin protein in the hypothalamus due to autoimmune destruction. Becomes drowsy or falls asleep at inappropriate times

26
Q

Describe obstructive sleep apnoea

A

Loss of tone in the palatal muscles which causes a closure of the airways, leading to a reduced arterial pO2. Causes daytime sleepiness, restless sleep and snoring. Usually occurs in obese people with an increase in face and neck girth. Defined by the Epworth sleepiness scale

27
Q

What are the first signs of someone with impaired conciousness?

A 
Change in behaviour
Change in personality
Unsteady on feet
Difficulty finding words
Slurring of speech

5 - Neuro (17 decks)

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