Concepts, Principles and Theories in Nursing Informatics (SL) Flashcards
What was the Apple I and who created it?
The Apple I was an early personal computer designed and hand-built by Steve Wozniak.
What was the purpose of the Difference Engine?
The Difference Engine was an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions, proposed by English mathematician Charles Babbage in 1822.
Describe software available for home users.
Software available for home users includes personal finance management, web access, communications, and entertainment.
Describe a minicomputer.
A minicomputer is a multi-user computer capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds of users simultaneously.
Describe the Calculating Clock/Schickard Calculator.
The Calculating Clock, also known as the Schickard Calculator, consisted of a six-digit machine that could add or subtract.
How does the concept of freedom differ between Free Software and Open Source Software?
In Free Software, freedom is viewed as a fundamental value, while in Open Source Software, freedom is seen as a relative concept that can be subject to conditions.
What are some examples of Free Software?
Examples of Free Software include Linux kernel, BSD, GNU Compiler Collection, MySQL, and Apache web server.
What are the demographic elements collected in NMDS?
Demographic elements collected in NMDS include personal identification, date of birth, sex, race and ethnicity, and residence.
What is a network?
A network is a collection of computers and devices connected together, often wirelessly, via communications devices and transmission media.
How does NMDS contribute to nursing research?
NMDS stimulates nursing research by providing a standardized set of data elements that can be used for comparative research on nursing diagnoses, interventions, outcomes, and intensity of care.
Identify the significance of the Mark I in computing history.
The Mark I was the first large-scale automatic digital computer in the USA, built by Howard H. Aiken and shipped to Harvard in February 1944.
What is the Abacus?
The Abacus is the first computing aid used to help with computation.
List some reasons why users access the Internet.
Users access the Internet for communication, research and information, shopping, classes, sharing information, entertainment, downloading music, and banking and investment.
Who created Napier’s Bone and what was its purpose?
Napier’s Bone was created by John Napier for calculating products and quotients of numbers based on Arab mathematics.
How did second generation computers improve upon the first generation?
Second generation computers used transistors, developed core memory, were faster, introduced the first operating system, and were smaller and more energy-efficient than first generation computers.
Describe the PDP-12 and its applications.
The PDP-12 was a 12-bit machine introduced in 1969, used in applied psychology, chemistry, patient monitoring, and industrial testing.
What is an Internet Service Provider (ISP)?
An Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a company that provides individuals and organizations access to the Internet.
List some characteristics of computers.
Characteristics of computers include speed, reliability, consistency, storage, and communications.
What is the Internet?
The Internet is the world’s largest network, a worldwide collection of networks that connects millions of businesses, government agencies, educational institutions, and individuals.
Define application software.
Application software consists of programs designed to help users accomplish specific tasks beyond just running the computer system.
How is storage capacity measured in computers?
Storage capacity is measured in bytes, with common units including kilobyte (KB), megabyte (MB), gigabyte (GB), terabyte (TB), petabyte (PB), exabyte (EB), zettabyte (ZB), and yottabyte (YB).
Differentiate between a Local Area Network (LAN) and a Wide Area Network (WAN).
A Local Area Network (LAN) connects computers within a limited area, while a Wide Area Network (WAN) connects computers over a larger geographical area.
How does Free Software relate to social freedom?
Free Software translates to social freedom, emphasizing that freedom is a value more important than economic advantage.
What is the significance of the Open Source Initiative (OSI)?
The OSI created a certification mark for software that must be distributed under a license guaranteeing the right to read, redistribute, modify, and use the software freely.
What is the difference between RAM and ROM?
RAM (Random Access Memory) is temporary storage that allows for quick data access, while ROM (Read Only Memory) is permanent storage that retains information even when the computer is turned off.
What is a supercomputer?
A supercomputer is an extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second.
What is the IBM Personal Computer known for?
The IBM Personal Computer is known as the original version and progenitor of the IBM PC compatible hardware platform.
What significant event occurred in 1988 regarding NMDS?
In 1988, the NMDS was developed consensually during an invitational conference with the efforts of 64 participants and was formalized by H.H. Werley and Norma Lang.
List examples of input devices.
Examples of input devices include keyboard, mouse, joystick, microphone, barcode reader, touch screen, web camera, and fingerprint reader.
What is the role of the Central Processing Unit (CPU)?
The CPU is considered the brain of a computer and is responsible for processing instructions and managing operations.
How does the future of computing look according to the content?
The future promises advanced technology in computing that is faster, smarter, and more affordable.
Describe the definition of Open Source Software.
Open Source Software is any software that satisfies the Open Software Initiative’s definition, promoting reliability and quality through independent peer review and rapid evolution of source code.
Describe the historical development of NMDS from 1977 to 1988.
The NMDS was conceptualized in 1977, advanced in 1985 at a conference, and formally developed in 1988 through collaborative efforts of numerous participants.
Describe the role of computers in nursing.
In nursing, computers are used to manage information in patient care, monitor quality of nursing care, and evaluate care outcomes.
Define the elements of an information system.
Elements of an information system include hardware, software, data, people, and procedures.
Define the aims of the NMDS.
The aims of NMDS are to identify the minimal data needed to be collected from records of patients receiving nursing care, without being redundant of other data sets.
Explain the difference in perspective between Free Software and Open Source Software.
Free Software emphasizes the ethical implications and social freedom associated with software, while Open Source Software views software as a neutral tool without inherent ethics.
What is the significance of the unique identifiers in NMDS service elements?
Unique identifiers in NMDS service elements, such as facility number and health record number, help in tracking and managing patient care across different settings.
How is software distributed?
Software can be distributed as packaged software, custom software, web-based software, open source software, shareware, freeware, or public-domain software.
Identify some advantages of using computers.
Advantages of using computers include speed, reliability, consistency, storage, and communications.
Define a mainframe computer.
A mainframe is a powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously.
Define the characteristics of first generation computers.
First generation computers used vacuum tubes, were big and clumsy, had high electricity consumption, required programming in mechanical language, and experienced frequent electricity failures.
Identify the essential data elements included in the NMDS.
Essential data elements in NMDS include nursing care, nursing diagnosis, nursing intervention, nursing outcome, intensity of nursing care, patient demographics, and service elements.
Describe the ethical stance of Free Software.
Free Software holds that ethics are associated with people rather than the software itself, emphasizing that freedom should be allowed, not imposed.
Define the Nursing Minimum Data Set (NMDS).
The Nursing Minimum Data Set (NMDS) is a standardized approach that facilitates the abstraction of minimum, common, essential core data elements to describe nursing practice from both paper and electronic records.
Explain the role of NMDS in improving nursing services.
NMDS provides impetus for improved documentation and development of nursing services by identifying trends and enhancing quality assurance evaluations.
Define Free Software according to the Free Software Foundation.
Free Software is a software that respects users’ freedom and community, allowing users to run, copy, distribute, study, change, and improve the software in any way they wish.
What are some examples of Open Source Software?
Examples of Open Source Software include Apache HTTP Server, osCommerce, Mozilla Firefox, Chromium, and LibreOffice.
What characterizes a personal computer?
A personal computer is a type of microcomputer that is small and designed for single-user operation.
Which countries have established NMDS?
Countries with established NMDS include Australia, Canada, Belgium, Iceland, Netherlands, Switzerland, and Thailand.
List the 4 essential freedoms of Free Software.
- The freedom to run the program for any purpose. 2. The freedom to study how the program works and change it, with access to the source code. 3. The freedom to redistribute copies to help others. 4. The freedom to distribute modified versions to others.
What is the primary use of a Slide Rule?
The Slide Rule is primarily used for multiplication and division, as well as scientific functions like roots, logarithms, and trigonometry.
Describe the function of a computer.
A computer is an electronic device that accepts data (input), processes it according to specified rules, produces information (output), and stores the information for future use.
Describe the first calculator developed by Wilhelm Schickard.
Wilhelm Schickard developed the first calculator in 1623 in Tübingen, Württemberg, Germany.
Explain the function of Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine.
Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine was an electro-mechanical tabulator that used punch cards to process data.
What is system software?
System software controls, integrates, and manages the individual hardware components of a computer system, allowing other software and users to interact with it as a functional unit.
Describe a workstation in computing.
A workstation is a powerful, high-performance single-user computer designed for tasks that require more processing power than a standard personal computer.
Describe the function of output devices.
Output devices are hardware used to communicate the results of data processing, converting electronically generated information into human-readable form.
What technological advancements were made in third generation computers?
Third generation computers developed integrated circuits, had low power consumption, and utilized SSI and MSI technology along with high-level programming languages.
How was the NMDS conceptualized?
The NMDS was conceptualized in 1977 through a small group work at the nursing information systems conference at the University of Illinois College of Nursing.
Describe the features of fourth generation computers.
Fourth generation computers utilized LSI and VLSI technology, led to the development of portable computers, RAID technology for data storage, and were used in virtual reality, multimedia, and data communication.
What are the key characteristics of fifth generation computers?
Fifth generation computers are characterized by parallel processing, the use of superconductors, applications in speech recognition, intelligent robots, and artificial intelligence (AI).
Explain the World Wide Web.
The World Wide Web contains billions of documents called web pages, which are accessed via web browsers using URLs.
Who designed the Pascaline and when was it built?
The Pascaline was designed and built by the French mathematician-philosopher Blaise Pascal between 1642 and 1645.
List some benefits of the NMDS.
Benefits of NMDS include access to comparable nursing care data, enhanced documentation of nursing care, identification of trends related to patient problems, improved quality assurance evaluation, and contributions to nursing as a research-based discipline.
Explain the difference between primary and secondary storage.
Primary storage, such as RAM, holds data temporarily for quick access, while secondary storage retains data and programs permanently even when the power is off.
Describe the purpose of the Nursing Minimum Data Set (NMDS).
The purpose of NMDS is to establish comparability of nursing data across clinical populations, settings, geographic areas, and time, describe nursing care of clients and their families, project trends regarding nursing care and resource allocation, and stimulate nursing research.
Define the Step Reckoner and its significance.
The Step Reckoner was the first calculator that could perform all four arithmetic operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, invented by German mathematician and philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.
What software is typically available for small office/home office (SOHO) users?
SOHO users typically have access to productivity software, specialty software, web usage, and email.
What are some disadvantages of using computers?
Disadvantages include violation of privacy, health risks, public safety concerns, impact on the labor force, and environmental impact.
Define hardware in the context of a computer system.
Hardware refers to the collection of physical elements that constitute a computer system.
Mass produced software
packaged software
Performs function specific to a business or industry
Custom Software
software hosted by a website
web-based software
software that is provided for use, modification, and distribution
Open-source software
copyrighted software that is free for trial period
shareware
copyrighted software provided at no cost
freeware
freeware with no copyright restrictions
public-domain software
