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[OS 201] 4th Lecture Exam > Concepts of Regulation > Flashcards

Concepts of Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

How do you maintain homeostasis?

A

Regulation!

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2
Q

How do you maintain homeostasis?

A

Regulation!

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3
Q

3 Types of Regulation

A
  1. Chemical (Hormonal)
  2. Nervous
  3. Autoregulation
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4
Q

Characteristics of Chemical Regulation (3)

A

Responds slowly
Acts extensively
Lasts a long time

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5
Q

Blood Glucose is regulated by which type of regulation?

A

Chemical

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6
Q

Baroreceptor Reflex of Arterial Blood Pressure is what type of regulation?

A

Nervous Sytem

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7
Q

Characteristics of Nervous Regulation (3)

A

Responds Fast
Acts Exactly/Locally
Lasts for a short time

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8
Q

Characteristics of Autoregulation (3)

A

Amplitude of regulation is smaller than other two types

Extension of the effects is smaller than other two types

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9
Q

3 Organs which have very precise autoregulatory mechanisms

A
  1. Kidney
  2. Brain
  3. Heart
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10
Q

What happens to GFR when you exercise?

A

Increased systemic blood pressure

Increased GFR

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11
Q

What happens to the kidney blood vessels when you exercise?

A

It will constrict to prevent the raising of the GFR

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12
Q

What happens to GFR when you rest?

A

Your blood pressure goes down

The blood vessels in the kidneys should relax to increase GFR to make it “normal”

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13
Q

3 Basic Components of a Feedback System

A
  1. Receptor
  2. Control Center
  3. Effector
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14
Q

Function: Receptor

A

Detects changes

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15
Q

Function: Control Center

A

Sets a “normal” range

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16
Q

2 Types of Feedback Mechanisms

A

Negative Feedback

Positive Feedback

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17
Q

Blood Pressure Formula

A

CO x TPR

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18
Q

Cardiac Output Formula

A

SV x HR

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19
Q

What is the Baroreflex Response?

A

When BP increases HR decreases and vice versa

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20
Q

What initiates the Baroreflex mechanism?

A

Stretch receptors located in the walls of several of the large arteries

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21
Q

[Baroreflex Mechanism]

What is inhibited?
What is excited?

A

I: Vasocontrictor Center of the Medulla (Nucleus Tractus Solitarius)

E: Vagal Parasympathetic Center

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22
Q

Increasing need to urinate is what kind of feedback mechanism?

A

Positive Feedback

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23
Q

What is the only physiologic entry way for fluids?

A

Gastrointestinal Tract

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24
Q

% Total Body Weight of Water?

A

60-70%

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25
Q

ECF% of Body Weight?

A

20%

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26
Q

ICF% of Body Weight?

A

40%

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27
Q

ECF is broken up into which compartments?

A

Interstitial Fluid: 15%

Plasma: 5%

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28
Q

Why do women have less fluids?

A

Store more fat, which is devoid of water

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29
Q

Define: Osmolarity

A

Measure of concentration of solutes in a solution

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30
Q

How can you counter Osmotic Pressure without increasing concentration?

A

Match osmotic pressure with hydrostatic pressure

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31
Q

Concentration Range for:

Isoosmotic Solutions
Hyperosmotic Soltuions
Hypoosmotic Solutions

A

I: 280-300 mOsmol/L
Hyper: >300 mOsmol/L
Hypo: <280 mOsmol/L

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32
Q

What happens to the ICF of the man in the Sahara? What’s the result?

A

Decrease in volume in the ECF, causing an increased osmolality, which further causes movement of water from ICF->ECF

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33
Q

Major Osmotically Active Particles in the ECF

A

Sodium
Chloride
Bicarbonate

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34
Q

What is the main determinant of ECF volume?

A

Sodium

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35
Q

What is the primary regulator of the Sympathetic NS?

A

Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla

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36
Q

Pathway of Baroreceptor Reflex

A

NTS sends excitatory fibers to CVLM
Activated CVLM sends inhibitory fibers to RVLM
RVLM sends ecxitatory fibers to the sympathetic preganglionic neurons located in the intermediolateral nucleus of the spinal cord

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37
Q

Effect of Stimulation of Atrial Stretch Receptors

A
  1. Increased release of Atrial Natriuretic Factor
  2. Increased neural impulses to hypothalamic and medullary centers which reduce:
    - Sympathetic neural discharge to kidney
    - ADH secretion by the posterior pituitary

End Result: Increased salt and water excretion

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38
Q

Function: Atrial Natriuretic Factor

A

Increased salt and water excretion

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39
Q

Main regulator of sodium excretion in the Intrarenal Baroreceptor Mechanism

A

Aldosterone

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40
Q

What can increase release of Aldosterone?

A

Angiotensin II

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41
Q

Function: Aldosterone

A

Conserve sodium

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42
Q

Permeant or Non-Permeant?

  1. Mannitol
  2. Urea
  3. Glycerol
A
  1. No
  2. Yes
  3. Yes
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43
Q

Define: Perturbing Solutes

A

Can harm cells when present at high concentratoins

44
Q

Define: Non-perturbing

A

Have biological properties that allow them to accumulate in high levels without deleterious effects

45
Q

Define: Anisosmotic

A

Induced by alterations in ECF osmolarity

46
Q

What is the most vulnerable organ to intracellular volume change?

A

Brain

47
Q

How is ADH formed and released?

A

Formed in the Supraoptic Nucleus
Transported down the Hypothalamohypophyseal Tract
Stored in secretory granules in the posterior pituitary and released in blood

48
Q

Where is ADH formed?

A

Supraoptic Nucleus

49
Q

What controls thirst?

A

Hypothalamic Thirst Center

50
Q

Threshold for Thirst?

A

~295 mOsm/L

51
Q

Effect of Low Plasma Volume

A

Low BP

Rapid pulse

52
Q

What is activated during loss of extracellular volume?

A

Low Pressure Volume Receptors
HIgh Pressure Volume Receptors
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus of the Kidneys

53
Q

What is activated during loss of extracellular volume?

A

Low Pressure Volume Receptors
HIgh Pressure Volume Receptors
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus of the Kidneys

54
Q

3 Types of Regulation

A
  1. Chemical (Hormonal)
  2. Nervous
  3. Autoregulation
55
Q

Characteristics of Chemical Regulation (3)

A

Responds slowly
Acts extensively
Lasts a long time

56
Q

Blood Glucose is regulated by which type of regulation?

A

Chemical

57
Q

Baroreceptor Reflex of Arterial Blood Pressure is what type of regulation?

A

Nervous Sytem

58
Q

Characteristics of Nervous Regulation (3)

A

Responds Fast
Acts Exactly/Locally
Lasts for a short time

59
Q

Characteristics of Autoregulation (3)

A

Amplitude of regulation is smaller than other two types

Extension of the effects is smaller than other two types

60
Q

3 Organs which have very precise autoregulatory mechanisms

A
  1. Kidney
  2. Brain
  3. Heart
61
Q

What happens to GFR when you exercise?

A

Increased systemic blood pressure

Increased GFR

62
Q

What happens to the kidney blood vessels when you exercise?

A

It will constrict to prevent the raising of the GFR

63
Q

What happens to GFR when you rest?

A

Your blood pressure goes down

The blood vessels in the kidneys should relax to increase GFR to make it “normal”

64
Q

3 Basic Components of a Feedback System

A
  1. Receptor
  2. Control Center
  3. Effector
65
Q

Function: Receptor

A

Detects changes

66
Q

Function: Control Center

A

Sets a “normal” range

67
Q

2 Types of Feedback Mechanisms

A

Negative Feedback

Positive Feedback

68
Q

Blood Pressure Formula

A

CO x TPR

69
Q

Cardiac Output Formula

A

SV x HR

70
Q

What is the Baroreflex Response?

A

When BP increases HR decreases and vice versa

71
Q

What initiates the Baroreflex mechanism?

A

Stretch receptors located in the walls of several of the large arteries

72
Q

[Baroreflex Mechanism]

What is inhibited?
What is excited?

A

I: Vasocontrictor Center of the Medulla (Nucleus Tractus Solitarius)

E: Vagal Parasympathetic Center

73
Q

Increasing need to urinate is what kind of feedback mechanism?

A

Positive Feedback

74
Q

What is the only physiologic entry way for fluids?

A

Gastrointestinal Tract

75
Q

% Total Body Weight of Water?

A

60-70%

76
Q

ECF% of Body Weight?

A

20%

77
Q

ICF% of Body Weight?

A

40%

78
Q

ECF is broken up into which compartments?

A

Interstitial Fluid: 15%

Plasma: 5%

79
Q

Why do women have less fluids?

A

Store more fat, which is devoid of water

80
Q

Define: Osmolarity

A

Measure of concentration of solutes in a solution

81
Q

How can you counter Osmotic Pressure without increasing concentration?

A

Match osmotic pressure with hydrostatic pressure

82
Q

Concentration Range for:

Isoosmotic Solutions
Hyperosmotic Soltuions
Hypoosmotic Solutions

A

I: 280-300 mOsmol/L
Hyper: >300 mOsmol/L
Hypo: <280 mOsmol/L

83
Q

What happens to the ICF of the man in the Sahara? What’s the result?

A

Decrease in volume in the ECF, causing an increased osmolality, which further causes movement of water from ICF->ECF

84
Q

Major Osmotically Active Particles in the ECF

A

Sodium
Chloride
Bicarbonate

85
Q

What is the main determinant of ECF volume?

A

Sodium

86
Q

What is the primary regulator of the Sympathetic NS?

A

Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla

87
Q

Pathway of Baroreceptor Reflex

A

NTS sends excitatory fibers to CVLM
Activated CVLM sends inhibitory fibers to RVLM
RVLM sends ecxitatory fibers to the sympathetic preganglionic neurons located in the intermediolateral nucleus of the spinal cord

88
Q

Effect of Stimulation of Atrial Stretch Receptors

A
  1. Increased release of Atrial Natriuretic Factor
  2. Increased neural impulses to hypothalamic and medullary centers which reduce:
    - Sympathetic neural discharge to kidney
    - ADH secretion by the posterior pituitary

End Result: Increased salt and water excretion

89
Q

Function: Atrial Natriuretic Factor

A

Increased salt and water excretion

90
Q

Main regulator of sodium excretion in the Intrarenal Baroreceptor Mechanism

A

Aldosterone

91
Q

What can increase release of Aldosterone?

A

Angiotensin II

92
Q

Function: Aldosterone

A

Conserve sodium

93
Q

Permeant or Non-Permeant?

  1. Mannitol
  2. Urea
  3. Glycerol
A
  1. No
  2. Yes
  3. Yes
94
Q

Define: Perturbing Solutes

A

Can harm cells when present at high concentratoins

95
Q

Define: Non-perturbing

A

Have biological properties that allow them to accumulate in high levels without deleterious effects

96
Q

Define: Anisosmotic

A

Induced by alterations in ECF osmolarity

97
Q

What is the most vulnerable organ to intracellular volume change?

A

Brain

98
Q

Effect: Antidiuretic Hormone

A

Higher water absorption and vasoconstriction

99
Q

Where is ADH formed?

A

Supraoptic Nucleus

100
Q

What controls thirst?

A

Hypothalamic Thirst Center

101
Q

Threshold for Thirst?

A

~295 mOsm/L

102
Q

Effect of Low Plasma Volume

A

Low BP

Rapid pulse

103
Q

Effect of Low Interstitial Volume

A

Poor Skin Turgor
Dry Tongue
Sunken Eyes

104
Q

What is activated during loss of extracellular volume?

A

Low Pressure Volume Receptors
HIgh Pressure Volume Receptors
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus of the Kidneys

105
Q

Differentiate Osmolarity and Osmolality

A

Osmolality: mols/kg Solvent
Osmolarity: mols/L solution

106
Q

Differentiate Osmolarity and Tonicity

A

Osmolarity: Both penetrating and Non-penetrating Solutes

Tonicity: Only non-penetrating solutes

[OS 201] 4th Lecture Exam (5 decks)

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