Concepts of Regulation Flashcards
1
Q
How do you maintain homeostasis?
A
Regulation!
2
Q
How do you maintain homeostasis?
A
Regulation!
3
Q
3 Types of Regulation
A
- Chemical (Hormonal)
- Nervous
- Autoregulation
4
Q
Characteristics of Chemical Regulation (3)
A
Responds slowly
Acts extensively
Lasts a long time
5
Q
Blood Glucose is regulated by which type of regulation?
A
Chemical
6
Q
Baroreceptor Reflex of Arterial Blood Pressure is what type of regulation?
A
Nervous Sytem
7
Q
Characteristics of Nervous Regulation (3)
A
Responds Fast
Acts Exactly/Locally
Lasts for a short time
8
Q
Characteristics of Autoregulation (3)
A
Amplitude of regulation is smaller than other two types
Extension of the effects is smaller than other two types
9
Q
3 Organs which have very precise autoregulatory mechanisms
A
- Kidney
- Brain
- Heart
10
Q
What happens to GFR when you exercise?
A
Increased systemic blood pressure
Increased GFR
11
Q
What happens to the kidney blood vessels when you exercise?
A
It will constrict to prevent the raising of the GFR
12
Q
What happens to GFR when you rest?
A
Your blood pressure goes down
The blood vessels in the kidneys should relax to increase GFR to make it “normal”
13
Q
3 Basic Components of a Feedback System
A
- Receptor
- Control Center
- Effector
14
Q
Function: Receptor
A
Detects changes
15
Q
Function: Control Center
A
Sets a “normal” range
16
Q
2 Types of Feedback Mechanisms
A
Negative Feedback
Positive Feedback
17
Q
Blood Pressure Formula
A
CO x TPR
18
Q
Cardiac Output Formula
A
SV x HR
19
Q
What is the Baroreflex Response?
A
When BP increases HR decreases and vice versa
20
Q
What initiates the Baroreflex mechanism?
A
Stretch receptors located in the walls of several of the large arteries
21
Q
[Baroreflex Mechanism]
What is inhibited?
What is excited?
A
I: Vasocontrictor Center of the Medulla (Nucleus Tractus Solitarius)
E: Vagal Parasympathetic Center
22
Q
Increasing need to urinate is what kind of feedback mechanism?
A
Positive Feedback
23
Q
What is the only physiologic entry way for fluids?
A
Gastrointestinal Tract
24
Q
% Total Body Weight of Water?
A
60-70%
25
ECF% of Body Weight?
20%
26
ICF% of Body Weight?
40%
27
ECF is broken up into which compartments?
Interstitial Fluid: 15%
| Plasma: 5%
28
Why do women have less fluids?
Store more fat, which is devoid of water
29
Define: Osmolarity
Measure of concentration of solutes in a solution
30
How can you counter Osmotic Pressure without increasing concentration?
Match osmotic pressure with hydrostatic pressure
31
Concentration Range for:
Isoosmotic Solutions
Hyperosmotic Soltuions
Hypoosmotic Solutions
I: 280-300 mOsmol/L
Hyper: >300 mOsmol/L
Hypo: <280 mOsmol/L
32
What happens to the ICF of the man in the Sahara? What's the result?
Decrease in volume in the ECF, causing an increased osmolality, which further causes movement of water from ICF->ECF
33
Major Osmotically Active Particles in the ECF
Sodium
Chloride
Bicarbonate
34
What is the main determinant of ECF volume?
Sodium
35
What is the primary regulator of the Sympathetic NS?
Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla
36
Pathway of Baroreceptor Reflex
NTS sends excitatory fibers to CVLM
Activated CVLM sends inhibitory fibers to RVLM
RVLM sends ecxitatory fibers to the sympathetic preganglionic neurons located in the intermediolateral nucleus of the spinal cord
37
Effect of Stimulation of Atrial Stretch Receptors
1. Increased release of Atrial Natriuretic Factor
2. Increased neural impulses to hypothalamic and medullary centers which reduce:
- Sympathetic neural discharge to kidney
- ADH secretion by the posterior pituitary
End Result: Increased salt and water excretion
38
Function: Atrial Natriuretic Factor
Increased salt and water excretion
39
Main regulator of sodium excretion in the Intrarenal Baroreceptor Mechanism
Aldosterone
40
What can increase release of Aldosterone?
Angiotensin II
41
Function: Aldosterone
Conserve sodium
42
Permeant or Non-Permeant?
1. Mannitol
2. Urea
3. Glycerol
1. No
2. Yes
3. Yes
43
Define: Perturbing Solutes
Can harm cells when present at high concentratoins
44
Define: Non-perturbing
Have biological properties that allow them to accumulate in high levels without deleterious effects
45
Define: Anisosmotic
Induced by alterations in ECF osmolarity
46
What is the most vulnerable organ to intracellular volume change?
Brain
47
How is ADH formed and released?
Formed in the Supraoptic Nucleus
Transported down the Hypothalamohypophyseal Tract
Stored in secretory granules in the posterior pituitary and released in blood
48
Where is ADH formed?
Supraoptic Nucleus
49
What controls thirst?
Hypothalamic Thirst Center
50
Threshold for Thirst?
~295 mOsm/L
51
Effect of Low Plasma Volume
Low BP
| Rapid pulse
52
What is activated during loss of extracellular volume?
Low Pressure Volume Receptors
HIgh Pressure Volume Receptors
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus of the Kidneys
53
What is activated during loss of extracellular volume?
Low Pressure Volume Receptors
HIgh Pressure Volume Receptors
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus of the Kidneys
54
3 Types of Regulation
1. Chemical (Hormonal)
2. Nervous
3. Autoregulation
55
Characteristics of Chemical Regulation (3)
Responds slowly
Acts extensively
Lasts a long time
56
Blood Glucose is regulated by which type of regulation?
Chemical
57
Baroreceptor Reflex of Arterial Blood Pressure is what type of regulation?
Nervous Sytem
58
Characteristics of Nervous Regulation (3)
Responds Fast
Acts Exactly/Locally
Lasts for a short time
59
Characteristics of Autoregulation (3)
Amplitude of regulation is smaller than other two types
| Extension of the effects is smaller than other two types
60
3 Organs which have very precise autoregulatory mechanisms
1. Kidney
2. Brain
3. Heart
61
What happens to GFR when you exercise?
Increased systemic blood pressure
| Increased GFR
62
What happens to the kidney blood vessels when you exercise?
It will constrict to prevent the raising of the GFR
63
What happens to GFR when you rest?
Your blood pressure goes down
| The blood vessels in the kidneys should relax to increase GFR to make it "normal"
64
3 Basic Components of a Feedback System
1. Receptor
2. Control Center
3. Effector
65
Function: Receptor
Detects changes
66
Function: Control Center
Sets a "normal" range
67
2 Types of Feedback Mechanisms
Negative Feedback
| Positive Feedback
68
Blood Pressure Formula
CO x TPR
69
Cardiac Output Formula
SV x HR
70
What is the Baroreflex Response?
When BP increases HR decreases and vice versa
71
What initiates the Baroreflex mechanism?
Stretch receptors located in the walls of several of the large arteries
72
[Baroreflex Mechanism]
What is inhibited?
What is excited?
I: Vasocontrictor Center of the Medulla (Nucleus Tractus Solitarius)
E: Vagal Parasympathetic Center
73
Increasing need to urinate is what kind of feedback mechanism?
Positive Feedback
74
What is the only physiologic entry way for fluids?
Gastrointestinal Tract
75
% Total Body Weight of Water?
60-70%
76
ECF% of Body Weight?
20%
77
ICF% of Body Weight?
40%
78
ECF is broken up into which compartments?
Interstitial Fluid: 15%
| Plasma: 5%
79
Why do women have less fluids?
Store more fat, which is devoid of water
80
Define: Osmolarity
Measure of concentration of solutes in a solution
81
How can you counter Osmotic Pressure without increasing concentration?
Match osmotic pressure with hydrostatic pressure
82
Concentration Range for:
Isoosmotic Solutions
Hyperosmotic Soltuions
Hypoosmotic Solutions
I: 280-300 mOsmol/L
Hyper: >300 mOsmol/L
Hypo: <280 mOsmol/L
83
What happens to the ICF of the man in the Sahara? What's the result?
Decrease in volume in the ECF, causing an increased osmolality, which further causes movement of water from ICF->ECF
84
Major Osmotically Active Particles in the ECF
Sodium
Chloride
Bicarbonate
85
What is the main determinant of ECF volume?
Sodium
86
What is the primary regulator of the Sympathetic NS?
Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla
87
Pathway of Baroreceptor Reflex
NTS sends excitatory fibers to CVLM
Activated CVLM sends inhibitory fibers to RVLM
RVLM sends ecxitatory fibers to the sympathetic preganglionic neurons located in the intermediolateral nucleus of the spinal cord
88
Effect of Stimulation of Atrial Stretch Receptors
1. Increased release of Atrial Natriuretic Factor
2. Increased neural impulses to hypothalamic and medullary centers which reduce:
- Sympathetic neural discharge to kidney
- ADH secretion by the posterior pituitary
End Result: Increased salt and water excretion
89
Function: Atrial Natriuretic Factor
Increased salt and water excretion
90
Main regulator of sodium excretion in the Intrarenal Baroreceptor Mechanism
Aldosterone
91
What can increase release of Aldosterone?
Angiotensin II
92
Function: Aldosterone
Conserve sodium
93
Permeant or Non-Permeant?
1. Mannitol
2. Urea
3. Glycerol
1. No
2. Yes
3. Yes
94
Define: Perturbing Solutes
Can harm cells when present at high concentratoins
95
Define: Non-perturbing
Have biological properties that allow them to accumulate in high levels without deleterious effects
96
Define: Anisosmotic
Induced by alterations in ECF osmolarity
97
What is the most vulnerable organ to intracellular volume change?
Brain
98
Effect: Antidiuretic Hormone
Higher water absorption and vasoconstriction
99
Where is ADH formed?
Supraoptic Nucleus
100
What controls thirst?
Hypothalamic Thirst Center
101
Threshold for Thirst?
~295 mOsm/L
102
Effect of Low Plasma Volume
Low BP
| Rapid pulse
103
Effect of Low Interstitial Volume
Poor Skin Turgor
Dry Tongue
Sunken Eyes
104
What is activated during loss of extracellular volume?
Low Pressure Volume Receptors
HIgh Pressure Volume Receptors
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus of the Kidneys
105
Differentiate Osmolarity and Osmolality
Osmolality: mols/kg Solvent
Osmolarity: mols/L solution
106
Differentiate Osmolarity and Tonicity
Osmolarity: Both penetrating and Non-penetrating Solutes
Tonicity: Only non-penetrating solutes
