Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

[OS 201] 4th Lecture Exam > Cell Cycle and Apoptosis > Flashcards

Cell Cycle and Apoptosis Flashcards

1
Q

Main Jobs of the Cell Cycle (2)

A

To accurately transmit the genetic information

To maintain normal ploidy (i.e. diploidy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define: Euploidy

A

Addition of whole chromosome sets (e.g. n, 2n, 3n, 4n = haploid, diploid, triploid, tetraploid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define: Aneuploidy

A

Addition or subtraction of one or more single chromosomes (e.g. 2n+1, 2n-1, 2n+2, etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Interphase consists what % of the cell cycle?

A

90-95%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What occurs during Interphase (3)

A

Organelle Duplication
DNA Replication
Growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 3 phases of Interphase?

A

G1
S
G2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define: G0

A

Long term transient state depending on microenvironemnt and if there are ideal conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What occurs during M Phase?

A

Mitotic Phase + Cytokinesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

[G1 Phase]

With _________ duplication, but no _______ replication

A

Organelle Duplication

DNA Replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

[S Phase]

What happens when this starts?
What happens to chromosomes?

A

Committed to Cell Division
DNA Replication

Chromosomes -> Chromatids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

[S Phase]

Sister Chromatids are tethered together by?

A

Cohesin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

[S Phase]

What happens to DNA number?
What happens to the ploidy number?

A

DNA number doubled

Ploidy of the cells remains the same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

[G2 Phase]

What forms here?
What happens to cellular content?
How many chromatids present?
How many chromosomes present?
What is the ploidy at this level?
A 
Mitotic Spindle
Increases
92 Chromatids
46 Chromosomes
4N
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Division of the cellular nucleus is called?

A

Karyokinesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Stages of Mitosis (5)

A 
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

[What Happens]

Prophase

A

Chromatin condenses into chromosome structures and chromatin becomes visible under microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

[What Happens]

Prometaphase
What forms during this stage? Function?

A

Nuclear membrane disintegrates and breaks into membrane vesicles

Kinetochores form during this stage, they become attached to the microtubules that radiate from the centrosome at the spindle poles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

[What Happens]

Metaphase
What drives this occurrence?

A

Condensed chromosomes line up in the middle

Driven by motor proteins, kinesin and dynein, associated with microtubules

19
Q

[What Happens]

Anaphase

A

Chromosomes break up and sister chromatids are pulled to the opposite poles of the cell

20
Q

[What Happens]

Telophase

A

Daughter nuclei are formed and chromosomes unravel back into original expanded chromatin formation

21
Q

4 Requirements for Transmission of Chromosomes

A
  1. Only one centromere
  2. Functional telomere at both ends
  3. Chromosomes must be fully replicated
  4. Chromosomes cannot be too large or too small
22
Q

[Cytokinesis]

Is it a phase of mitosis?
When does it begin?

A

No

Early anaphase

23
Q

[G1 Checkpoint]

What is is it dependent on?

A

Nutrient availability and cell size (No division if its too small)

24
Q

[G2 Checkpoint]

Between what?
When is it stopped?

A

Between G2 and M Phase

No M phase if DNA replication is not completed

25
Q

[Spindle Assembly Checkpoint]

Between what?
What must happen?

A

Metaphase and Anaphase

Chromosomes must be properly attached to the spindle via TF4/Kinetochore

26
Q

What are spindle fibers made of?

A

Alternating alpha and beta tubulins, heterodimers

27
Q

Progression of the Eukaryotic cell cycle is driven by?

A

Cyclin-Dependent Kinases

28
Q

What residues are phosphorylated by Cdk?

A

Serine and/or Threonine

29
Q

How many Cdk targets in humans?

How many in Xenopus?

A

292

77

30
Q

4 Main Cyclins in Vertebrates

A 
Cyclin:
A
B
E
D
31
Q

Function: Cyclin D

A

Binds CDKs early to mid G1, and together with Cyclin E/CDK2 inactivates pRB (cell cycle inhibitor)

32
Q

Function: Cyclin E

A

Binds to CDK2; Cycline E/CDK2 phosphorylates p27 (Cyclin D inhibitor) which tags it for degradation

Functions G1 to S transition, promotes expression of Cyclin A

33
Q

Function: Cyclin A

A

S-Phase Cyclin, binds CDK2

Functions for G1 to S transition

34
Q

Function: Cyclin B

A

Functions in entry to M Phase

Mitotic cyclin, binds CDK! to make MPF (Maturation Promoting Factor)

35
Q

Function: Mitogens

A

Allow cell to enter cell cycle

36
Q

What makes a cell undergo apoptosis? (2)

A
  1. Withdrawal of Positive Signals

2. Receipt of Negative Signals

37
Q

[Cell Positive Signals] (2)

A

Growth Factors

IL-2

38
Q

[Cell Negative Signals] (3)

A 
Increased level of oxidants
Damage to DNA by oxidants
Death activators:
TNF-a
Lymphotoxin (TNF-b)
Fas ligland (FasL)
39
Q

[Features of Apoptosis]

A
  1. A number of activities take place
     Occupation of death receptors
     Dimerization of Bcl-2 family members Release of
    cytochrome c
     Activation of caspases
     Activation of DNase
  2. Translocation of phosphatidylserine to OM
  3. ATP dependency
  4. Internucleosomal DNA fragmentation
    *Ladder pattern – in the gel, sign of a cell dying
  5. No apoptosis at +4C 6. No inflammation
40
Q

[Apoptotic Cells in Culture]

Pathway

A

Normal -> Blebs -> Spikes -> Blisters

41
Q

Define: Karyolysis

A

Nuclear Fading: Chromatin dissolution due to DNAses and RNAses

42
Q

Define: Pyknosis

A

Nuclear Shrinkage: DNA condenses into shrunken basophilic mass

43
Q

Define: Karyorrhexis

A

Nuclear Fragmentation: Pyknotic nuclei membrane ruptures and undergoes fragmentation

[OS 201] 4th Lecture Exam (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions