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PhysioLec LE 1 > Concepts of Physiology + Transport > Flashcards

Concepts of Physiology + Transport Flashcards

1
Q

The biological levels of organization

A
  • Atom
  • Molecules
  • Cells
  • Tissue
  • Organs
  • Organs Systems
  • Organisms
  • Population
  • Community
  • Ecosystem
  • Biosphere
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2
Q

Refers to different organisms within the same species

A

Population

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3
Q

Refers to the interaction of different populations

A

Community

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4
Q

Collective term for different communities

A

Ecosystem

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5
Q

Refers to the collective external condition of a system

A

Environment

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6
Q

Environmental condition inside the body (Such as solutes, pH)

A

Internal Environment

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7
Q

Environmental condition outside the body (Such as temperature, gas levels, air pressure, salinity)

A

External Environment

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8
Q

Organisms that depend on external environment for body temperature

A

Conformers

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9
Q

Organisms that maintain an internal temperature

A

Regulator

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10
Q

Refers to the maintenance of internal conditions in the face of external conditions

A

Homeostasis

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11
Q

Response against a stimuli

A

Negative Feedback Loop

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12
Q

Response propagates the stimuli

A

Positive Feedback Loop

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13
Q

Homeostasis Pathway

A
  • Stimuli
  • Set Point (Detects)
  • Receptor (receives)
  • Afferent Pathway (Passes info to the Integrating System)
  • Integrating System (Produces the appropriate response)
  • Efferent Pathway (Relays the response to the Effector Organ)
  • Effector Organ (Carries out the Response)
  • Response
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14
Q

Stimulates the cervix to contract, released by the pituitary gland

A

Oxytocin

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15
Q

Reversible short term changes

A

Acute Changes

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16
Q

Reversible long term changes

A

Chronic Changes

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17
Q

Animal physiology or morphology changes as a result to its environment (Genetic changes due to environmental pressure)

A

Evolutionary Changes

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18
Q

Changes caused by organism’s aging

A

Developmental Changes

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19
Q

Causes periodic changes occurring in repeating patterns

A

Body Clock

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20
Q

Shorter term changes in response to the environment due to an environmental pressure

A

Acclimation

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21
Q

Longer term changes in response to the environment due to multiple environmental pressure

A

Acclimatization

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22
Q

When the animal anatomy and physiology matches its environment

A

Adaptation

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23
Q

3 main environmental parameters

A
  • Temperature
  • Oxygen
  • Water and Solutes
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24
Q

Random movement of particles in solution from areas of high concentration to low concentration

A

Diffusion

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25
Q

Diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane

A

Osmosis

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26
Q

How much energy you would need to expend to pull water. Defines as the sum of the Solute Potential, Hydrostatic Potential, and Gravitational Potential

A

Water Potential

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27
Q

Direction of which water moves based on water potential

A

From positive to negative

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28
Q

Factor for water potential. It is a measure of how much pressure would be needed to prevent the diffusion of water. It is always negative and decreases with increasing solute concentration

A

Solute Potential/Osmotic Potential

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29
Q

Factor for water potential. It is a measure of how much pressure is being exerted on the cell wall due to water

A

Hydrostatic Potential (Turgor Pressure)

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30
Q

Occurs when the water potential of two regions are equal

A

Equilibrium (No net movement of water)

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31
Q

All parts of the plant cell minus the cell wall

A

Protoplast

32
Q

Caused by water loss. The plant begins to limp due to water loss

33
Q

The stage where water begins to move out of the cell. It is at this point at which the protoplast has lost enough water to pull slightly away from the cell

A

Incipient Plasmolysis

34
Q

Refers to a cell that is shrunk inside the cell wall

A

Plasmolyzed

35
Q

Mechanism of water balance caused by gradient in water vapor concentration. Mainly makes use of the stomata

A

Transpiration

36
Q

Mechanism of water balance driven by pressure gradients/ Mainly makes use of the vascular tissues xylem and phloem

A

Long Distance Transport

37
Q

Mechanism of water balance in response to water potential gradient across tissues. Mainly makes use of the cell wall and plasmodesmata

A

Transport Through Cell Layers

38
Q

The maximum amount of water a soil can hold

A

Field Capacity

39
Q

Movement of fluids through narrow spaces using intermolecular forces, without the help of external forces

A

Capillary Action

40
Q

Refers to how easily water can pass through

A

Soil Hydraulic Conductivity

41
Q

Best soil type for plants

42
Q

Part of the plant that increases the surface area of the roots to help extract more water and nutrients

43
Q

Part of the plant which is the outer protective tissue layer that prevents infection and water loss. It also regulates gas exchange and secretion

44
Q

Part of the plant that is mainly for storage, transport, and structure. It is underneath the outer layers

45
Q

Part of the plant that is the region of transport tissues

46
Q

Part of the plant which separates the inner tissues from the outer tissues. Helps regulate the movement of water, ions, and hormones into and out of the vascular system

A

Endodermis

47
Q

Part of the plant that supports, protects, and functionally assists xylem and phloem cells. It also regulates lateral root growth, and stimulates secondary growth

48
Q

Vascular plant tissue that primarily transports food products such as sucrose. Mainly makes use of two-way transport (Translocation)

49
Q

Vascular plant tissue that primarily transports water. Mainly makes use of passive transport

50
Q

Part of the plant that protects the root apical meristem

51
Q

Part of the plant that is a region of actively dividing undifferentiated cells resulting in primary growth

A

Apical Meristem

52
Q

Covers mature roots that make it relatively impermeable to water

A

Exodermis (Composed of Suberin or Lignin, replaces the Epidermis in stressed or damaged plants) or Hypodermis (May also serve as water storage)

53
Q

Plant water transport pathway which is a fast passive transport from the root to the xylem through the cell wall. Makes use of diffusion and mostly unregulated except by Casparian Strips

A

Apoplast Pathway

54
Q

Plant water transport pathway which is a selective regulated pathway where water and solutes move across each cell membrane through the help of aquaporins and membrane transporters

A

Transmembrane Pathway

55
Q

Plant water transport pathway which is a selectively regulated pathway where water or solutes moves across the cytoplasm of cells through the usage of plasmodesmata

A

Symplast Pathway

56
Q

Process where plants release excess water and other substances from pores. Caused by high root pressure and low transpiration rates

57
Q

Created by guttation

58
Q

Elongated and spindle-shaped cells that are arranged in overlapping vertical files. Have pits that allow for the movement of water. An element of xylem

59
Q

Short and wide cells that have perforated ends that allow the vessel members to be stacked end to end. The open-end walls provide a fast low-resistance pathway for water transport. An element of xylem

A

Vessel Elemens

60
Q

Water at the top of the tree develops a large negative hydrostatic pressure that pulls the water through the xylem. The negative water potential is caused by transpiration of water in the leaves

A

Cohesion-Tension Theory of Sap Ascent

61
Q

Refers to when air is pulled through the microscopic pores of the xylem due to increasing water tension

A

Air Seeding

62
Q

Caused by air seeding. It is the formation of bubbles decreasing the effectiveness of the water column

A

Cavitation

63
Q

Caused by cavitation, it is the complete blockage of the water column

64
Q

Adaptations for Cavitation/Embolism

A
  • The gas bubbles cannot easily pass through the small pores of the pit membranes
  • The interconnected capillaries also create a detour. Water can move away from the blocked point by travelling through neighboring, connected conduits
  • Gas bubbles can be eliminated from the xylem (usually at night) when the transpiration is low and xylem ψp increases
  • Production of new xylem ensures a steady supply of new functional pathways for water conduction
65
Q

This causes tension (negative pressure) in the leaves which pulls the water up the xylem

A

Evaporation in Leaves

66
Q

To overcome gravity and friction, the water potential of plant tissues receiving water must be at least ____ MPa more negative than that of roots for every 10 meters of height separating them

67
Q

Process by which plants release water to the atmosphere

A

Transpiration/Evapo-transpiration

68
Q

Amount of “absorbed” water lost through transpiration

69
Q

For most plants, the stomata are opened during this time

70
Q

Plants that have their stomata open during the night

A

Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) plants

71
Q

Appears to triggers the opening of plant stomata

A

Blue Light

72
Q

Temperature range at which the stomatal aperture is increased in size

73
Q

Drought stress causes the release of this hormone which causes the guard cells to close the stomatal pore

A

Absicisic Acid

74
Q

An example of Drought Avoidance where these small plants live their entire life cycle in just a few weeks when conditions are favorable

A

Desert Ephemerals

75
Q

An example of Drought Tolerance where these plants are adapted to live though dry periods

A

Succulent Plants

76
Q

Refers to having a body water content that changes with habitat moisture

A

Poikilohydry

77
Q

Describes the movement of water from the soil, to the plant, to the atmosphere

A

Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum

PhysioLec LE 1 (5 decks)

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