Concepts, Models, Type of Disabilities Flashcards
1
Q
What assistive technologies are used for blindness?
A
Screen readers and refreshable braille devices
2
Q
What assistive technologies are used for low vision?
A
Screen enlargers and screen readers
3
Q
What assistive technologies are used for color blindness?
A
Color enhancement overlays or glasses
4
Q
What assistive technologies are used for deafness?
A
Captions and transcripts
5
Q
What assistive technologies are used for motor/mobility disabilities?
A
Head wand, mouth stick, alternative keyboards, eye gaze tracking, voice activation
6
Q
What assistive technologies are used for cognitive disabilities?
A
Screen readers, screen overlays and augmentative communication aids
7
Q
Which model defines disability in terms of biological impairments, or as a problem caused by medically-diagnosed genetic disorders, disease, trauma, or other health conditions?
A
Medical model
8
Q
The legal definition of disabilities often relies on the assumptions of which model?
A
Medical Model
9
Q
Which model helps decide whether a person should receive government financial benefits, or whether an employer or school is required to provide accommodations?
A
Medical Model
10
Q
What are the strengths of the Medical Model?
A
Acknowledges a biological condition that creates a disadvantage
criteria helps medical professionals make decisions about treatment
criteria for who should receive government assistance
11
Q
What are the weaknesses of the Medical Model?
A
Focuses on biology and overlooks impact of design on social environment
Assigns disability as a characteristic or label
Definitions might be too narrow and exclusive
Individuals have to prove their disability over and over again; dehumanizing
12
Q
Which model points out that society creates disabling conditions, and that “disability” is an avoidable condition caused by poor design?
A
Social Model
13
Q
Which model focuses on the human rights of people with disabilities?
A
Social Model
14
Q
Which model provides meaningful context for accessibility professionals?
A
Social Model
15
Q
What are the strengths of the Social Model?
A
Expectation that society will create inclusive environments, and not that people need to accept lower quality of life
Empowers designers to think broadly about usability for all
16
Q
What are the weaknesses of the Social Model?
A
De-emphasize physical reality of a disability too much
A disability shouldn’t be minimized so much that people are afraid to talk about it
17
Q
Which model takes a practical approach by identifying the functional impairments, or limitations, that are a result of disability?
A
Functional Solutions Model
18
Q
Which model takes a practical approach by identifying the functional impairments, or limitations, that are a result of disability and seeks solutions to fix the problems with advancements in technology or methodology?
A
Functional Solutions Model
19
Q
What are the strengths of the Functional Solutions Model?
A
Focuses on ideas, technologies, and innovations that benefit people with disabilities.
20
Q
What are the weaknesses of the Functional Solutions Model?
A
Might be too focused on technological solutions that opportunities are missed to address the larger social issues.
21
Q
Which model focuses on personal identity and groups developing a culture based on shared experiences?
A
Social Identity or Cultural Affiliation Model
22
Q
What are the strengths of the Social Identity or Cultural Affiliation Model?
A
Self-acceptance and empowerment; accepting disability can be important part of emotional and psychological well-being
Political strength; form alliances and advocacy networks to make it easier to petition for political change
23
Q
What are the weaknesses of the Social Identity or Cultural Affiliation Model?
A
Strongly identifying with other people with disabilities can make people feel excluded from the rest of society
24
Q
Which model treats disability as unfortunate of tragic conditions worthy of special treatment?
A
Charity or Tragedy Model
25
People with disabilities are in the position of the receivers; the "unfortunate" ones. Which model sets up this unequal power balance and an unhealthy social relationship between groups of people?
Charity or Tragedy Model
26
What are the strengths of the Charity or Tragedy Model?
Creates empathy and inspires able bodies people to genuinely assist people with disabilities
27
What are the weaknesses of the Charity or Tragedy Model?
Encourages unequal social and political relationships between people
28
Which model defines disability by a person’s inability to participate in work, and assesses the degree to which impairment affects a person’s productivity and the economic consequences for the individual, employer and the state?
Economic Model
29
What are the strengths of the Economic Model?
Recognizes the effect of bodily limitations on a person’s ability to work and that they may need economic support
30
What are the weaknesses of the Economic Model?
Creates a legally-defined category of people who are “needy” which can be stigmatizing. Can exclude people who don’t quite fit in the category.
31
Which model encourages people with disabilities to affirm their identity and feel comfortable in their own skin?
Affirmation Model
32
Which model is an activist model that emphasized the need for human rights?
Sociopolitical Model
33
Which model sees disability as a punishment or a condition meant to teach a lesson or to test a person?
Religious/Moral Model
34
Which model sees disability as something meant to be treated and managed by people with expertise and credentials?
Expert or Professional Model
35
Which model emphasizes therapy or rehabilitation to improve a person’s ability to function and compensate for the disability?
Rehabilitation Model
36
True or False: The Medical Model of disability focuses solely on the biological aspects of disability?
True
37
Which model of disability argues that disability is more of a result of inaccessible environments?
Social Model
38
What are some causes of blindness?
```
Glaucoma
Accidents
Diabetes
Stroke
Retinitis Pigmentosa
Macular Degeneration (GADSRM)
```
39
How does the U.S. define Blindness?
Visual acuity of 20/200 with corrective lenses
| Field of vision that is 20 degrees in the eye with the best vision
40
Why does the U.S. have a legal definition of Blindness?
Used solely to determine eligibility and participation in various programs (schooling, disability benefits, vocational programs, assistive device programs, and tax exemption programs)
Does not disclose what a person can or cannot see
41
What assistive technologies can be used for people who cannot see digital or electronic interfaces?
Screen readers
self-voicing interfaces
refreshable braille devices
42
What adaptive strategy can be used for people who cannot use screen readers on digital content and interfaces not designed with accessibility in mind?
Edit the markup to make it compatible with the assistive technologies used by blind people.
43
What assistive technologies can be used for people who cannot see when walking?
```
canes
service animals
GPS-based walking instructions
raised tiles on the ground
eliminate low-hanging architectural features
clear pathways
```
44
What adaptive strategies can be used for people who cannot see signs or text on buildings?
Map and geolocation apps to announce names and descriptions
Braille labels
Tactile models of buildings or floorplans
45
What assistive technologies can be used for people who cannot see or feel controls on flat interfaces on consumer devices?
Alternative interfaces with tactile controls
Audio interfaces
Remote control through mobile apps
46
What adaptive technologies can be used for people who cannot read text on containers or packaging?
Embossed Braille (Braille stickers)
47
What condition of Low Vision causes faces and objects to appear blurry, and makes it difficult to distinguish specific features?
Blur
48
What condition of Low Vision causes everything to appear about the same brightness, making it hard to distinguish outlines, borders, edges and details?
Blur with Low Contrast
49
What condition of Low Vision causes blind spots, or innumerable dark gray spots that can cloud vision?
Cataracts
50
What condition of Low Vision causes people to see floating dark spots?
Diabetic Retinopathy
51
What condition of Low Vision causes people to see only a small area, have no peripheral vision?
Glaucoma
52
What condition of Low Vision limits vision to a smaller area on either the right or left side of both eyes?
Hemianopia
53
What condition of Low Vision is a disease that causes loss of vision in the center of the eye or the field of vision?
Macular Degeneration
54
What condition of Low Vision causes flashes of light in the vision field, or “floaters” that appear like dark debris in the field of vision?
Retinal Detachment
55
What assistive technologies can be used for users who find small text hard to read?
```
Screen magnifiers
Device utilities to enhance contrast, colors or alter other aspects of visual appearance
Screen readers
Self-voicing interfaces
Alternative large print versions
Alternative digital versions
```
56
What adaptive strategies can be used when low contrast text is hard to read?
Software or hardware options to enhance contrast
| Use accessible color palettes
57
True or False: Color-blindness means that a person cannot see any color at all?
False
58
What disability refers to the inability to distinguish between certain kinds of colors, even if the colors themselves appear quite different to people without the disability?
Color-blindness
59
What is the most prevalent form of color-blindness?
Red-green color-blindness
60
What are the subtypes of red-green color-blindness?
Deuteranopia and Protanopia
61
Which type of color-blindness is known as Tritanopia?
Blue-yellow color-blindness
62
How do people with Achromatopsia see color?
Grayscale
63
Which type color-blindness makes it hard to distinguish between reds, oranges, and greens?
Red-green color-blindness
64
What assistive technologies exist for people with color-blindness?
Corrective glasses
65
What adaptive strategies can be used for people who cannot distinguish between different color combinations?
Design in a way that does not depend on color to convey information
66
What assistive technologies exist for people who are both deaf and blind?
Refreshable Braille display in combination with a screen reader
67
What assistive technologies can be used for people who cannot see digital text?
Refreshable Braille device, or “printed” in a Braille embosser
68
What adaptive strategies can be used when audio cannot be heard by a user?
Text transcripts
69
What are the different auditory disabilities?
Hearing impairment
Hearing loss
Deafness
70
How do people compensate for auditory disabilities?
Hearing aids
Lip reading
Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC)
• Sign language or communication boards
71
What are some possible causes of hearing loss and deafness?
```
Genetics
Premature birth
Infections/illnesses
Ear trauma
Exposure to loud noises
Aging
```
72
What’s the difference between lowercase “deaf” and uppercase “Deaf”?
Lowercase “deaf” refers to the condition of deafness; partial or total hearing loss a person experiences from a medical perspective
Uppercase “deaf” refers to Deaf Culture or Deaf Community
73
What is Deaf Culture?
Focuses on the beliefs, cultural norms, values and experiences shared between people who are deaf.
74
What model of disability do people use when they view hearing loss as an actual physical loss of something?
Medical Model
75
What model of disability do people use when they view deafness from a cultural perspective?
Social Identity or Cultural Affiliation Model
76
What adaptive strategies can be used when the audio portion of videos cannot be heard?
Synchronized Captions
| Sign language interpretation
77
What adaptive strategies can be used when audio content cannot be heard?
Transcript
| Sign language interpretation
78
What adaptive strategies can be used when speeches and talks cannot be heard by deaf people in the room?
Sign language interpretation
| Live captions
79
What assistive technologies can be used when doorbells, alarms and other sounds may not be heard?
Visual alerts such as lights that flash, pulse, dim, turn on/off
80
What is a motor disability?
Condition that impairs a person’s physical movements
81
What are possible causes of motor disabilities?
ALS
Spinal cord injuries
Cerebral palsy
Born without limbs
82
What assistive technologies can be used by people with motor disabilities?
Vertical keyboard with mouth stick
One-handed keyboard
Expanded keyboard with raised sections between keys
Speech recognition software
83
What are some assistive technologies that can be used for people who may be unable to use a mouse due to difficulty or inability to use their hands?
```
Alternative keyboards
Mouth sticks
Single switch devices
Speech recognition software
Eye tracking technology
```
84
What are some adaptive strategies that can be used for people who may be unable to use a mouse due to difficulty or inability to use their hands?
Design and develop accessible digital content
85
What adaptive strategies can be used for people who need more time to interact with digital content and interfaces?
Alert users to session timeouts and provide way to adjust or extend the time
86
What assistive technologies can be used when wheelchair users cannot use steps?
Accessible ramps
Accessible parking
Elevators
Clear labels for accessible paths
87
What adaptive strategies can be used when wheelchair users cannot navigate through tight spaces?
Wide doors, hallways, rooms and restrooms
| Unobstructed routes
88
What assistive technologies can be used for people who have difficulty using hands or arms to open doors?
Automatic doors
Doors that can be opened using a large button
Lever-type handles and doorknobs
89
What adaptive strategies can be used for people who are unable to turn the pages of printed materials?
Provide material in digital format
90
What is the most common type of disability?
Cognitive disabilities
91
What are possible causes of cognitive disabilities?
```
Congenital conditions from birth
Developmental conditions from childhood
Traumatic injury
Infections
Chemical imbalances
```
92
What are 5 possible conditions of cognitive disabilities?
```
Limited comprehension
Low tolerance for cognitive overload
Limited problem-solving skills
Short term memory loss
Attention deficit
```
93
What condition of cognitive disability makes it hard to understand complex ideas, metaphors, abstract language, or some kinds of slang or idiomatic expressions?
Limited Comprehension
94
What condition of cognitive disability makes people easily frustrated when they sense difficult or complex situations?
Low tolerance for cognitive overload
95
What condition of cognitive disability makes people unable to solve, or not even attempt to solve problems?
Limited problem-solving skills
96
What condition of cognitive disability causes people to have a hard time remembering things from one moment to the next?
Short term memory loss
97
What condition of cognitive disability makes it hard for people to focus on the task at hand?
Attention deficit
98
What is are some adaptive strategies designers can use for people who find complex designs and tasks in digital format overwhelming?
Create simple, predictable, organized user interfaces
99
What is an adaptive strategy for people who have difficulty solving technical problems or fixing errors?
Error messaging with clear solutions to fix the errors
100
What is an adaptive strategy for people who have difficulty processing text-based information that uses complex language?
Supplement text with images and other visuals
| Use simple, easy-to-understand language
101
True or false: Many people with cognitive disabilities experience difficulty reading?
True; some read at a lower level than their peers of the same age, and some can’t read at all.
102
What is the condition that some people experience where letters appear to move around, switch around, and swap in and out of place?
Dyslexia
103
What are some adaptive strategies that can be used for people who perceive words as floating and not in a line?
Fonts developed for Dyslexia
| Give additional time to complete tasks
104
What are some adaptive strategies that can be used for people who perceive words differently than others such as seeing p, b, d & q as the same letter?
Change the font, contrast of add an underline to text
| Give additional time to complete tasks
105
What are some adaptive strategies that can be used for people who require additional time to read and process content?
Extend times and return to same location on the page
Use screen reader to get content in an auditory method
Use screen reader that can highlight the word or phrase being read
Enhanced visible focus indicators to track page position
Special programs or dictionaries that present words with pictures
Addition time to complete tasks
106
What is an adaptive strategy for people with reading disabilities that have the burden of deciphering content the way it is presented?
Custom style sheets
107
What is an adaptive strategy for people who have difficulty solving problems presented through security features like CAPTCHA?
Ability to change type of problem presented
108
What assistive technology can help people who have difficulty processing content through visual means?
Screen readers
109
What assistive technology can help people who have a hard time spelling?
Spelling and grammar checker
110
What is the emotional or psychological fear that grips some people when confronted with math problems?
Math anxiety
111
Is math anxiety more of an intellectual or a psychological deficit?
Psychological
112
What is an adaptive strategy for people with an inability to distinguish right from left in graphic images?
Read data in a data table or text description as an alternative to graphic images of data
Extra time to complete tasks
113
What assistive technology can be used when someone has an inability to copy graphs, figures and diagrams?
Speech-to-text to verbalize instructions
| Extra time to complete tasks
114
What adaptive strategies can be used when someone has an inability to perform calculations?
Accessibility accommodation link to reference sheet with common equations
Onscreen calculator
Extra time to complete tasks
115
What is a speech disability?
The inability to produce or organize speech sounds and syllables correctly; may also be a total loss of voice
116
What are some causes of speech disability?
```
Genetics
Learning disabilities
Auditory disabilities
Autism
Traumatic brain injury
Stroke
Oral or Laryngeal cancer
```
117
What are the 6 common types of speech disabilities?
```
Stuttering
Cluttering
Apraxia
Dysarthria
Speech sound disorders
Muteness (mutism)
```
118
What is the speech disability that makes a person involuntarily repeat words, prolong speech sounds, or stop or block speech completely.
Stuttering
119
What is the speech disability that consists of rapid speech that may be inconsistent in rhythm, lack syntax or grammar, or may be slurred?
Cluttering
120
What is the motor speech disability that occurs when a person has difficulty using muscles for speech production, causing them to make several attempts to say the correct word?
Apraxia
121
What is the motor speech disability that occurs due to brain damage where the muscles for speech production are impaired, causing slurred speech, slow speech, mumbling, or a hoarse or breathy voice?
Dysarthria
122
What is the speech disability where certain sounds of speech may be difficult to produce, specifically consonant sounds? Also known as articulation or phonemic disorders.
Speech sounds disorders
123
What is an articulation disorder?
Difficulty physically producing speech sounds, causing sounds to be omitted, added, substituted or distorted
124
What is a phonemic disorder?
Difficulty distinguishing speech sounds in language; “call” and “tall” may both be pronounced as “tall”
125
Which speech disability is the complete inability to produce a speaking voice?
Muteness (mutism)
126
What are communication options for people with speech disabilities?
Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC)
127
How do unaided augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems work?
Rely on nonverbal communication like body language, facial expressions, gestures and sign language
128
How do aided augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems work?
Rely on use of an electronic or non-electronic tool and the person’s body
129
What are examples of aided augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems?
Communication books and boards
Pen and paper
Electronic devices to produce computer-generated voices
130
What assistive technologies help with speech disabilities?
```
Touch screens
Alternative keyboards
Single switch devices
Eye-tracking technology
Speech-generated software
Word-prediction software
Symbol boards and languages
Symbol software
Translation software
```
131
What adaptive strategies can be used for people with speech disabilities who are unable to communicate with voice-based technology tools like virtual meetings?
Provide text-based alternatives: chat, email, forms, etc.
132
What adaptive strategies can be used for people with speech disabilities who may have one or more other disabilities?
Digital content is compatible with assistive technologies (ex: screen readers)
Captions and transcripts for audio and video materials
Keyboard accessibility
Present information in multiple formats
133
What assistive technologies can be used for people with speech disabilities who have difficulty producing speech sounds?
```
Low tech (unaided) AAC: communication boards or gestures to supplement speech
High tech (aided) AAC: computer-generated voices to replace speech
```
134
What are seizures?
Abnormal or erratic electrical impulses in the brain that interfere with a person’s ability to process information or, in some cases, control voluntary muscle movement
135
What can cause a seizure?
```
Brain injury
Dehydration
Sleep deprivation
Infections
Fevers
Drug overdoses
Drug withdrawals
Flashing lights
```
136
What is a photo-epileptic seizure?
Seizure caused by flashing lights
137
What is an adaptive strategy that can be used for people with seizure disorders who are sensitive to flashing lights, blinking and flickering stimuli?
Avoid flashing or strobe-like effects
| If flashing content must be used, flashing should not last more than 3 seconds
138
What is a psychological or psychiatric disability?
A mental illness disorder that impacts daily major life activities
139
What are some examples of psychological/psychiatric disabilities?
Depression
Anxiety
Eating disorders
Schizophrenia
140
What are some possible causes of psychological/psychiatric disabilities?
Trauma
Chemical imbalances
Genetic factors
Social factors
141
What are 4 common types of anxiety disorders?
Panic disorder
Phobias
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
142
Which anxiety disorder causes feelings of terror or impending doom?
Panic Disorder
143
What are some symptoms people feel with panic disorder?
Fast heart rate
Difficulty breathing (hyperventilation)
Chest pain
Dizziness
144
Which anxiety disorder causes strong, excessive, paralyzing fears of particular objects or situations?
Phobias
145
What are some symptoms people feel with phobias?
Strong need to run away
Rapid heart rate
Difficulty breathing
146
Which anxiety disorder occurs after a person has been exposed to a terrifying or traumatic event?
PTSD
147
What are some symptoms people feel with PTSD?
Nightmares
Flashbacks
Feelings of worry, anger, sadness or guilt
148
Which anxiety disorder causes a person to have perpetually upsetting or distressing thoughts called obsessions?
OCD
149
What are mood disorders?
Affective or depressive disorders that cause erratic changes in a person’s mood.
150
What are the 3 common types of mood disorders?
Depressions
Bipolar Disorder
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
151
Which mood disorder is characterized as a brain disorder, causing people to experience prolonged sadness, loss of interest, worthless feelings or suicidal thoughts?
Depression
152
Which mood disorder consists of cycling periods of feeling mania (highs, happy feelings) and depression (low, sad feelings)?
Bipolar disorder
153
Which mood disorder affects people during the fall and winter months?
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
154
What is positive schizophrenia?
Experiences involve hallucinations and delusions; people see things and hear voices
155
What is negative schizophrenia?
Experiences involve a lack of motivation, dreary mood, and isolating oneself from society; people have difficulty expressing themselves, attention and memory deficits, trouble controlling movements
156
What is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?
A behavioral disorder where a person has difficulty focusing, paying attention, and controlling their behavior; person may also be hyperactive
157
What are the 3 subcategories of ADHD?
Inattention
Hyperactivity
Impulsivity
158
Which subcategory of ADHD involves difficulty focusing and processing new information, being easily distracted, daydreaming, difficulty completing a task and difficulty following instructions?
Inattention
159
Which subcategory of ADHD includes continuous talking, running around, fidgeting, touching things, and difficulty completing quiet tasks?
Hyperactivity
160
Which subcategory of ADHD involves lack of patience, shouting unsolicited remarks, difficulty controlling emotions, and interrupting?
Impulsivity
161
What are the 2 common personality disorders?
Antisocial Personality Disorder
| Borderline Personality Disorder
162
Which personality disorder can make a person show no regard for the rights of others, fail to conform to social norms and laws, exhibit deceptive behaviors, habitually lie, and act impulsively and recklessly?
Antisocial Personality Disorder
163
Which personality disorder can make a person experience long-term instability in mood, behaviors, relationships and self-image and lingering feelings of loneliness, boredom and anger?
Borderline Personality Disorder
164
What are the 3 most common eating disorders?
Anorexia nervosa
Bulimia nervosa
Compulsive (binge) eating
165
Which eating disorder causes a person to eat very little food, have a strong fear of gaining weight, exercise excessively and have a distorted perception of their body image?
Anorexia nervosa
166
Which eating disorder causes a person to eat a lot of food and then purge the food through vomiting, laxatives or diuretics, excessive exercise or fasting?
Bulimia nervosa
167
Which eating disorder is characterized by eating a large amount of food in a short period of time?
Compulsive, or binge, eating
168
True or false: Screen readers will interpret color-coded text and announce changes in color?
False
169
The most important consideration for designing web content for someone with motor disabilities is the inability to use what?
The hands
170
True or false: Unaided Augmentative and Alternative Communication systems rely on the use of electronic tools?
False
171
True or false: Depression is a brain disorder that causes a person to experience both happy and sad feelings?
False
172
True or false: Accommodations for people with multiple disabilities are addressed case-by-case?
True
