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CPACC Flash Cards! by Jess > Concepts, Models, Type of Disabilities > Flashcards

Concepts, Models, Type of Disabilities Flashcards

1
Q

What assistive technologies are used for blindness?

A

Screen readers and refreshable braille devices

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2
Q

What assistive technologies are used for low vision?

A

Screen enlargers and screen readers

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3
Q

What assistive technologies are used for color blindness?

A

Color enhancement overlays or glasses

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4
Q

What assistive technologies are used for deafness?

A

Captions and transcripts

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5
Q

What assistive technologies are used for motor/mobility disabilities?

A

Head wand, mouth stick, alternative keyboards, eye gaze tracking, voice activation

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6
Q

What assistive technologies are used for cognitive disabilities?

A

Screen readers, screen overlays and augmentative communication aids

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7
Q

Which model defines disability in terms of biological impairments, or as a problem caused by medically-diagnosed genetic disorders, disease, trauma, or other health conditions?

A

Medical model

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8
Q

The legal definition of disabilities often relies on the assumptions of which model?

A

Medical Model

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9
Q

Which model helps decide whether a person should receive government financial benefits, or whether an employer or school is required to provide accommodations?

A

Medical Model

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10
Q

What are the strengths of the Medical Model?

A

Acknowledges a biological condition that creates a disadvantage
criteria helps medical professionals make decisions about treatment
criteria for who should receive government assistance

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11
Q

What are the weaknesses of the Medical Model?

A

Focuses on biology and overlooks impact of design on social environment
Assigns disability as a characteristic or label
Definitions might be too narrow and exclusive
Individuals have to prove their disability over and over again; dehumanizing

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12
Q

Which model points out that society creates disabling conditions, and that “disability” is an avoidable condition caused by poor design?

A

Social Model

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13
Q

Which model focuses on the human rights of people with disabilities?

A

Social Model

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14
Q

Which model provides meaningful context for accessibility professionals?

A

Social Model

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15
Q

What are the strengths of the Social Model?

A

Expectation that society will create inclusive environments, and not that people need to accept lower quality of life
Empowers designers to think broadly about usability for all

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16
Q

What are the weaknesses of the Social Model?

A

De-emphasize physical reality of a disability too much

A disability shouldn’t be minimized so much that people are afraid to talk about it

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17
Q

Which model takes a practical approach by identifying the functional impairments, or limitations, that are a result of disability?

A

Functional Solutions Model

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18
Q

Which model takes a practical approach by identifying the functional impairments, or limitations, that are a result of disability and seeks solutions to fix the problems with advancements in technology or methodology?

A

Functional Solutions Model

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19
Q

What are the strengths of the Functional Solutions Model?

A

Focuses on ideas, technologies, and innovations that benefit people with disabilities.

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20
Q

What are the weaknesses of the Functional Solutions Model?

A

Might be too focused on technological solutions that opportunities are missed to address the larger social issues.

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21
Q

Which model focuses on personal identity and groups developing a culture based on shared experiences?

A

Social Identity or Cultural Affiliation Model

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22
Q

What are the strengths of the Social Identity or Cultural Affiliation Model?

A

Self-acceptance and empowerment; accepting disability can be important part of emotional and psychological well-being
Political strength; form alliances and advocacy networks to make it easier to petition for political change

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23
Q

What are the weaknesses of the Social Identity or Cultural Affiliation Model?

A

Strongly identifying with other people with disabilities can make people feel excluded from the rest of society

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24
Q

Which model treats disability as unfortunate of tragic conditions worthy of special treatment?

A

Charity or Tragedy Model

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25
Q

People with disabilities are in the position of the receivers; the “unfortunate” ones. Which model sets up this unequal power balance and an unhealthy social relationship between groups of people?

A

Charity or Tragedy Model

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26
Q

What are the strengths of the Charity or Tragedy Model?

A

Creates empathy and inspires able bodies people to genuinely assist people with disabilities

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27
Q

What are the weaknesses of the Charity or Tragedy Model?

A

Encourages unequal social and political relationships between people

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28
Q

Which model defines disability by a person’s inability to participate in work, and assesses the degree to which impairment affects a person’s productivity and the economic consequences for the individual, employer and the state?

A

Economic Model

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29
Q

What are the strengths of the Economic Model?

A

Recognizes the effect of bodily limitations on a person’s ability to work and that they may need economic support

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30
Q

What are the weaknesses of the Economic Model?

A

Creates a legally-defined category of people who are “needy” which can be stigmatizing. Can exclude people who don’t quite fit in the category.

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31
Q

Which model encourages people with disabilities to affirm their identity and feel comfortable in their own skin?

A

Affirmation Model

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32
Q

Which model is an activist model that emphasized the need for human rights?

A

Sociopolitical Model

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33
Q

Which model sees disability as a punishment or a condition meant to teach a lesson or to test a person?

A

Religious/Moral Model

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34
Q

Which model sees disability as something meant to be treated and managed by people with expertise and credentials?

A

Expert or Professional Model

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35
Q

Which model emphasizes therapy or rehabilitation to improve a person’s ability to function and compensate for the disability?

A

Rehabilitation Model

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36
Q

True or False: The Medical Model of disability focuses solely on the biological aspects of disability?

A

True

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37
Q

Which model of disability argues that disability is more of a result of inaccessible environments?

A

Social Model

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38
Q

What are some causes of blindness?

A 
Glaucoma
Accidents
Diabetes
Stroke
Retinitis Pigmentosa
Macular Degeneration (GADSRM)
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39
Q

How does the U.S. define Blindness?

A

Visual acuity of 20/200 with corrective lenses

Field of vision that is 20 degrees in the eye with the best vision

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40
Q

Why does the U.S. have a legal definition of Blindness?

A

Used solely to determine eligibility and participation in various programs (schooling, disability benefits, vocational programs, assistive device programs, and tax exemption programs)
Does not disclose what a person can or cannot see

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41
Q

What assistive technologies can be used for people who cannot see digital or electronic interfaces?

A

Screen readers
self-voicing interfaces
refreshable braille devices

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42
Q

What adaptive strategy can be used for people who cannot use screen readers on digital content and interfaces not designed with accessibility in mind?

A

Edit the markup to make it compatible with the assistive technologies used by blind people.

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43
Q

What assistive technologies can be used for people who cannot see when walking?

A 
canes
service animals
GPS-based walking instructions
raised tiles on the ground
eliminate low-hanging architectural features
clear pathways
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44
Q

What adaptive strategies can be used for people who cannot see signs or text on buildings?

A

Map and geolocation apps to announce names and descriptions
Braille labels
Tactile models of buildings or floorplans

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45
Q

What assistive technologies can be used for people who cannot see or feel controls on flat interfaces on consumer devices?

A

Alternative interfaces with tactile controls
Audio interfaces
Remote control through mobile apps

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46
Q

What adaptive technologies can be used for people who cannot read text on containers or packaging?

A

Embossed Braille (Braille stickers)

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47
Q

What condition of Low Vision causes faces and objects to appear blurry, and makes it difficult to distinguish specific features?

A

Blur

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48
Q

What condition of Low Vision causes everything to appear about the same brightness, making it hard to distinguish outlines, borders, edges and details?

A

Blur with Low Contrast

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49
Q

What condition of Low Vision causes blind spots, or innumerable dark gray spots that can cloud vision?

A

Cataracts

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50
Q

What condition of Low Vision causes people to see floating dark spots?

A

Diabetic Retinopathy

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51
Q

What condition of Low Vision causes people to see only a small area, have no peripheral vision?

A

Glaucoma

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52
Q

What condition of Low Vision limits vision to a smaller area on either the right or left side of both eyes?

A

Hemianopia

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53
Q

What condition of Low Vision is a disease that causes loss of vision in the center of the eye or the field of vision?

A

Macular Degeneration

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54
Q

What condition of Low Vision causes flashes of light in the vision field, or “floaters” that appear like dark debris in the field of vision?

A

Retinal Detachment

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55
Q

What assistive technologies can be used for users who find small text hard to read?

A 
Screen magnifiers
Device utilities to enhance contrast, colors or alter other aspects of visual appearance
Screen readers
Self-voicing interfaces
Alternative large print versions
Alternative digital versions
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56
Q

What adaptive strategies can be used when low contrast text is hard to read?

A

Software or hardware options to enhance contrast

Use accessible color palettes

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57
Q

True or False: Color-blindness means that a person cannot see any color at all?

A

False

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58
Q

What disability refers to the inability to distinguish between certain kinds of colors, even if the colors themselves appear quite different to people without the disability?

A

Color-blindness

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59
Q

What is the most prevalent form of color-blindness?

A

Red-green color-blindness

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60
Q

What are the subtypes of red-green color-blindness?

A

Deuteranopia and Protanopia

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61
Q

Which type of color-blindness is known as Tritanopia?

A

Blue-yellow color-blindness

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62
Q

How do people with Achromatopsia see color?

A

Grayscale

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63
Q

Which type color-blindness makes it hard to distinguish between reds, oranges, and greens?

A

Red-green color-blindness

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64
Q

What assistive technologies exist for people with color-blindness?

A

Corrective glasses

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65
Q

What adaptive strategies can be used for people who cannot distinguish between different color combinations?

A

Design in a way that does not depend on color to convey information

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66
Q

What assistive technologies exist for people who are both deaf and blind?

A

Refreshable Braille display in combination with a screen reader

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67
Q

What assistive technologies can be used for people who cannot see digital text?

A

Refreshable Braille device, or “printed” in a Braille embosser

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68
Q

What adaptive strategies can be used when audio cannot be heard by a user?

A

Text transcripts

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69
Q

What are the different auditory disabilities?

A

Hearing impairment
Hearing loss
Deafness

70
Q

How do people compensate for auditory disabilities?

A

Hearing aids
Lip reading
Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC)
• Sign language or communication boards

71
Q

What are some possible causes of hearing loss and deafness?

A 
Genetics
Premature birth
Infections/illnesses
Ear trauma
Exposure to loud noises
Aging
72
Q

What’s the difference between lowercase “deaf” and uppercase “Deaf”?

A

Lowercase “deaf” refers to the condition of deafness; partial or total hearing loss a person experiences from a medical perspective
Uppercase “deaf” refers to Deaf Culture or Deaf Community

73
Q

What is Deaf Culture?

A

Focuses on the beliefs, cultural norms, values and experiences shared between people who are deaf.

74
Q

What model of disability do people use when they view hearing loss as an actual physical loss of something?

A

Medical Model

75
Q

What model of disability do people use when they view deafness from a cultural perspective?

A

Social Identity or Cultural Affiliation Model

76
Q

What adaptive strategies can be used when the audio portion of videos cannot be heard?

A

Synchronized Captions

Sign language interpretation

77
Q

What adaptive strategies can be used when audio content cannot be heard?

A

Transcript

Sign language interpretation

78
Q

What adaptive strategies can be used when speeches and talks cannot be heard by deaf people in the room?

A

Sign language interpretation

Live captions

79
Q

What assistive technologies can be used when doorbells, alarms and other sounds may not be heard?

A

Visual alerts such as lights that flash, pulse, dim, turn on/off

80
Q

What is a motor disability?

A

Condition that impairs a person’s physical movements

81
Q

What are possible causes of motor disabilities?

A

ALS
Spinal cord injuries
Cerebral palsy
Born without limbs

82
Q

What assistive technologies can be used by people with motor disabilities?

A

Vertical keyboard with mouth stick
One-handed keyboard
Expanded keyboard with raised sections between keys
Speech recognition software

83
Q

What are some assistive technologies that can be used for people who may be unable to use a mouse due to difficulty or inability to use their hands?

A 
Alternative keyboards
Mouth sticks
Single switch devices
Speech recognition software
Eye tracking technology
84
Q

What are some adaptive strategies that can be used for people who may be unable to use a mouse due to difficulty or inability to use their hands?

A

Design and develop accessible digital content

85
Q

What adaptive strategies can be used for people who need more time to interact with digital content and interfaces?

A

Alert users to session timeouts and provide way to adjust or extend the time

86
Q

What assistive technologies can be used when wheelchair users cannot use steps?

A

Accessible ramps
Accessible parking
Elevators
Clear labels for accessible paths

87
Q

What adaptive strategies can be used when wheelchair users cannot navigate through tight spaces?

A

Wide doors, hallways, rooms and restrooms

Unobstructed routes

88
Q

What assistive technologies can be used for people who have difficulty using hands or arms to open doors?

A

Automatic doors
Doors that can be opened using a large button
Lever-type handles and doorknobs

89
Q

What adaptive strategies can be used for people who are unable to turn the pages of printed materials?

A

Provide material in digital format

90
Q

What is the most common type of disability?

A

Cognitive disabilities

91
Q

What are possible causes of cognitive disabilities?

A 
Congenital conditions from birth
Developmental conditions from childhood 
Traumatic injury
Infections
Chemical imbalances
92
Q

What are 5 possible conditions of cognitive disabilities?

A 
Limited comprehension
Low tolerance for cognitive overload
Limited problem-solving skills
Short term memory loss
Attention deficit
93
Q

What condition of cognitive disability makes it hard to understand complex ideas, metaphors, abstract language, or some kinds of slang or idiomatic expressions?

A

Limited Comprehension

94
Q

What condition of cognitive disability makes people easily frustrated when they sense difficult or complex situations?

A

Low tolerance for cognitive overload

95
Q

What condition of cognitive disability makes people unable to solve, or not even attempt to solve problems?

A

Limited problem-solving skills

96
Q

What condition of cognitive disability causes people to have a hard time remembering things from one moment to the next?

A

Short term memory loss

97
Q

What condition of cognitive disability makes it hard for people to focus on the task at hand?

A

Attention deficit

98
Q

What is are some adaptive strategies designers can use for people who find complex designs and tasks in digital format overwhelming?

A

Create simple, predictable, organized user interfaces

99
Q

What is an adaptive strategy for people who have difficulty solving technical problems or fixing errors?

A

Error messaging with clear solutions to fix the errors

100
Q

What is an adaptive strategy for people who have difficulty processing text-based information that uses complex language?

A

Supplement text with images and other visuals

Use simple, easy-to-understand language

101
Q

True or false: Many people with cognitive disabilities experience difficulty reading?

A

True; some read at a lower level than their peers of the same age, and some can’t read at all.

102
Q

What is the condition that some people experience where letters appear to move around, switch around, and swap in and out of place?

A

Dyslexia

103
Q

What are some adaptive strategies that can be used for people who perceive words as floating and not in a line?

A

Fonts developed for Dyslexia

Give additional time to complete tasks

104
Q

What are some adaptive strategies that can be used for people who perceive words differently than others such as seeing p, b, d & q as the same letter?

A

Change the font, contrast of add an underline to text

Give additional time to complete tasks

105
Q

What are some adaptive strategies that can be used for people who require additional time to read and process content?

A

Extend times and return to same location on the page
Use screen reader to get content in an auditory method
Use screen reader that can highlight the word or phrase being read
Enhanced visible focus indicators to track page position
Special programs or dictionaries that present words with pictures
Addition time to complete tasks

106
Q

What is an adaptive strategy for people with reading disabilities that have the burden of deciphering content the way it is presented?

A

Custom style sheets

107
Q

What is an adaptive strategy for people who have difficulty solving problems presented through security features like CAPTCHA?

A

Ability to change type of problem presented

108
Q

What assistive technology can help people who have difficulty processing content through visual means?

A

Screen readers

109
Q

What assistive technology can help people who have a hard time spelling?

A

Spelling and grammar checker

110
Q

What is the emotional or psychological fear that grips some people when confronted with math problems?

A

Math anxiety

111
Q

Is math anxiety more of an intellectual or a psychological deficit?

A

Psychological

112
Q

What is an adaptive strategy for people with an inability to distinguish right from left in graphic images?

A

Read data in a data table or text description as an alternative to graphic images of data
Extra time to complete tasks

113
Q

What assistive technology can be used when someone has an inability to copy graphs, figures and diagrams?

A

Speech-to-text to verbalize instructions

Extra time to complete tasks

114
Q

What adaptive strategies can be used when someone has an inability to perform calculations?

A

Accessibility accommodation link to reference sheet with common equations
Onscreen calculator
Extra time to complete tasks

115
Q

What is a speech disability?

A

The inability to produce or organize speech sounds and syllables correctly; may also be a total loss of voice

116
Q

What are some causes of speech disability?

A 
Genetics
Learning disabilities
Auditory disabilities
Autism
Traumatic brain injury
Stroke
Oral or Laryngeal cancer
117
Q

What are the 6 common types of speech disabilities?

A 
Stuttering
Cluttering
Apraxia
Dysarthria
Speech sound disorders
Muteness (mutism)
118
Q

What is the speech disability that makes a person involuntarily repeat words, prolong speech sounds, or stop or block speech completely.

A

Stuttering

119
Q

What is the speech disability that consists of rapid speech that may be inconsistent in rhythm, lack syntax or grammar, or may be slurred?

A

Cluttering

120
Q

What is the motor speech disability that occurs when a person has difficulty using muscles for speech production, causing them to make several attempts to say the correct word?

A

Apraxia

121
Q

What is the motor speech disability that occurs due to brain damage where the muscles for speech production are impaired, causing slurred speech, slow speech, mumbling, or a hoarse or breathy voice?

A

Dysarthria

122
Q

What is the speech disability where certain sounds of speech may be difficult to produce, specifically consonant sounds? Also known as articulation or phonemic disorders.

A

Speech sounds disorders

123
Q

What is an articulation disorder?

A

Difficulty physically producing speech sounds, causing sounds to be omitted, added, substituted or distorted

124
Q

What is a phonemic disorder?

A

Difficulty distinguishing speech sounds in language; “call” and “tall” may both be pronounced as “tall”

125
Q

Which speech disability is the complete inability to produce a speaking voice?

A

Muteness (mutism)

126
Q

What are communication options for people with speech disabilities?

A

Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC)

127
Q

How do unaided augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems work?

A

Rely on nonverbal communication like body language, facial expressions, gestures and sign language

128
Q

How do aided augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems work?

A

Rely on use of an electronic or non-electronic tool and the person’s body

129
Q

What are examples of aided augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems?

A

Communication books and boards
Pen and paper
Electronic devices to produce computer-generated voices

130
Q

What assistive technologies help with speech disabilities?

A 
Touch screens
Alternative keyboards
Single switch devices
Eye-tracking technology
Speech-generated software
Word-prediction software 
Symbol boards and languages
Symbol software
Translation software
131
Q

What adaptive strategies can be used for people with speech disabilities who are unable to communicate with voice-based technology tools like virtual meetings?

A

Provide text-based alternatives: chat, email, forms, etc.

132
Q

What adaptive strategies can be used for people with speech disabilities who may have one or more other disabilities?

A

Digital content is compatible with assistive technologies (ex: screen readers)
Captions and transcripts for audio and video materials
Keyboard accessibility
Present information in multiple formats

133
Q

What assistive technologies can be used for people with speech disabilities who have difficulty producing speech sounds?

A 
Low tech (unaided) AAC: communication boards or gestures to supplement speech
High tech (aided) AAC: computer-generated voices to replace speech
134
Q

What are seizures?

A

Abnormal or erratic electrical impulses in the brain that interfere with a person’s ability to process information or, in some cases, control voluntary muscle movement

135
Q

What can cause a seizure?

A 
Brain injury
Dehydration
Sleep deprivation
Infections
Fevers
Drug overdoses
Drug withdrawals
Flashing lights
136
Q

What is a photo-epileptic seizure?

A

Seizure caused by flashing lights

137
Q

What is an adaptive strategy that can be used for people with seizure disorders who are sensitive to flashing lights, blinking and flickering stimuli?

A

Avoid flashing or strobe-like effects

If flashing content must be used, flashing should not last more than 3 seconds

138
Q

What is a psychological or psychiatric disability?

A

A mental illness disorder that impacts daily major life activities

139
Q

What are some examples of psychological/psychiatric disabilities?

A

Depression
Anxiety
Eating disorders
Schizophrenia

140
Q

What are some possible causes of psychological/psychiatric disabilities?

A

Trauma
Chemical imbalances
Genetic factors
Social factors

141
Q

What are 4 common types of anxiety disorders?

A

Panic disorder
Phobias
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

142
Q

Which anxiety disorder causes feelings of terror or impending doom?

A

Panic Disorder

143
Q

What are some symptoms people feel with panic disorder?

A

Fast heart rate
Difficulty breathing (hyperventilation)
Chest pain
Dizziness

144
Q

Which anxiety disorder causes strong, excessive, paralyzing fears of particular objects or situations?

A

Phobias

145
Q

What are some symptoms people feel with phobias?

A

Strong need to run away
Rapid heart rate
Difficulty breathing

146
Q

Which anxiety disorder occurs after a person has been exposed to a terrifying or traumatic event?

A

PTSD

147
Q

What are some symptoms people feel with PTSD?

A

Nightmares
Flashbacks
Feelings of worry, anger, sadness or guilt

148
Q

Which anxiety disorder causes a person to have perpetually upsetting or distressing thoughts called obsessions?

A

OCD

149
Q

What are mood disorders?

A

Affective or depressive disorders that cause erratic changes in a person’s mood.

150
Q

What are the 3 common types of mood disorders?

A

Depressions
Bipolar Disorder
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

151
Q

Which mood disorder is characterized as a brain disorder, causing people to experience prolonged sadness, loss of interest, worthless feelings or suicidal thoughts?

A

Depression

152
Q

Which mood disorder consists of cycling periods of feeling mania (highs, happy feelings) and depression (low, sad feelings)?

A

Bipolar disorder

153
Q

Which mood disorder affects people during the fall and winter months?

A

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

154
Q

What is positive schizophrenia?

A

Experiences involve hallucinations and delusions; people see things and hear voices

155
Q

What is negative schizophrenia?

A

Experiences involve a lack of motivation, dreary mood, and isolating oneself from society; people have difficulty expressing themselves, attention and memory deficits, trouble controlling movements

156
Q

What is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?

A

A behavioral disorder where a person has difficulty focusing, paying attention, and controlling their behavior; person may also be hyperactive

157
Q

What are the 3 subcategories of ADHD?

A

Inattention
Hyperactivity
Impulsivity

158
Q

Which subcategory of ADHD involves difficulty focusing and processing new information, being easily distracted, daydreaming, difficulty completing a task and difficulty following instructions?

A

Inattention

159
Q

Which subcategory of ADHD includes continuous talking, running around, fidgeting, touching things, and difficulty completing quiet tasks?

A

Hyperactivity

160
Q

Which subcategory of ADHD involves lack of patience, shouting unsolicited remarks, difficulty controlling emotions, and interrupting?

A

Impulsivity

161
Q

What are the 2 common personality disorders?

A

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Borderline Personality Disorder

162
Q

Which personality disorder can make a person show no regard for the rights of others, fail to conform to social norms and laws, exhibit deceptive behaviors, habitually lie, and act impulsively and recklessly?

A

Antisocial Personality Disorder

163
Q

Which personality disorder can make a person experience long-term instability in mood, behaviors, relationships and self-image and lingering feelings of loneliness, boredom and anger?

A

Borderline Personality Disorder

164
Q

What are the 3 most common eating disorders?

A

Anorexia nervosa
Bulimia nervosa
Compulsive (binge) eating

165
Q

Which eating disorder causes a person to eat very little food, have a strong fear of gaining weight, exercise excessively and have a distorted perception of their body image?

A

Anorexia nervosa

166
Q

Which eating disorder causes a person to eat a lot of food and then purge the food through vomiting, laxatives or diuretics, excessive exercise or fasting?

A

Bulimia nervosa

167
Q

Which eating disorder is characterized by eating a large amount of food in a short period of time?

A

Compulsive, or binge, eating

168
Q

True or false: Screen readers will interpret color-coded text and announce changes in color?

A

False

169
Q

The most important consideration for designing web content for someone with motor disabilities is the inability to use what?

A

The hands

170
Q

True or false: Unaided Augmentative and Alternative Communication systems rely on the use of electronic tools?

A

False

171
Q

True or false: Depression is a brain disorder that causes a person to experience both happy and sad feelings?

A

False

172
Q

True or false: Accommodations for people with multiple disabilities are addressed case-by-case?

A

True

CPACC Flash Cards! by Jess (5 decks)

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