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CONCEPTS MIDTERM Flashcards

1
Q

goal of epidemiology

A

eliminate/reduce the influence of risk factors that can cause disease; promote health in the community setting

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2
Q

lillian wald

A

public nursing; promotoes prevents and protects and restores health populations and prevents diseases/disability

henry street NY- LW

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3
Q

florence nightingale

A

nurse leader is considered the founder of the modern profession

District nurses

promote health through nursing care and education

lady of the lamp

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4
Q

john snow

A

studied cholera transmission; pioneer in modern epidemiology

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5
Q

edward jenner

A

The practice of vaccination was introduced by

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6
Q

active surveillance

A

conducting a survey & interpretting and disseminating its results

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7
Q

endemic

A

usual prevalence of a disease within an area

steady state

overtime

the usual or expected rate of disease over time

a disease is said to be endemic if in an area for along period of time

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8
Q

epidemic

A

outbreak is limited in space and time

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9
Q

pandemic

A

extending to whole country or large part of the world

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10
Q

herd immunity

A

inherent or acquired immune resistenance offered by populations to the prevalence of a disease in a community

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11
Q

quarantine

A

physical separation of healthy indiviudals who have been exposed to a contagious disease- covid

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12
Q

isolation

A

segregation and confinement of infected individuals from others who are known to be suffering from disease

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13
Q

primary prevention

A

actions that prevent disease or disability

using a seta belt

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14
Q

secondary prevention

A

actions that lead to early identification, diagnosis and treatment

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15
Q

teritary prevention

A

actions that promote activities of daily living to limit progression and complication of disease

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16
Q

william farr and rowe edmonds developed

A

the idea of vital statistics

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17
Q

comfort theory

A

kolcaba

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18
Q

middle range theory physiological

A

pain: balance between analgesia and side effects

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19
Q

true or false nursing is a profession

A

true

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20
Q

science and philosophy have in common

A

goal of increasing knowledge

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21
Q

we use theory in order to

A

improve practice

theory should be applied in practice

theory and practice are inseparable***

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22
Q

nursing is what kind of science

A

applied

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23
Q

In nursing, theory and practice are inseparable. To improve practice, nurses need to:

A

Continually search the literature
Critically appraise research findings
Synthesize empirical and contextually relevant theoretical information to apply in practice
Nurse should seek ways to enhance the knowledge base that supports practice and bridge the theory–practice gap.

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24
Q

study of knowledge/ways of knowing

A

epistemology

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25
Q

nursing theory used in nursing practice by

A

provide nurses with perspective to organize

assist in direct analysis and interpretation

plan and implement
o Helps the nurse understand practice.
o Organizes knowledge for use.
o Identifies key ideas of practice.

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26
Q

nursing practice without * theory

A

rote performance of tasks

basically just following order and being tasks oriented

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27
Q

practice theory

A

micro theory; prescriptive; situation specific

least abstract

least likely to be used to develop middle-range theory

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28
Q

There’s a gap in theory and practice why?

A

lack of exposure to theoretical principles during basic educational programs

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29
Q

true or false: evidence based practice and research are one in the same

A

false

rationale:EBP is founded on research but not that same thing

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30
Q

true or false: EBP should be used in the development of current standards for nursing practice

A

true

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31
Q

to reduce the theory-practice gap

A

reciprocal interaction between theory and practice

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32
Q

when we says concepts are abstract

A

independent of time and place

social system
its like pain anxiety comfort you cant see it

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33
Q

concepts that are concrete

A

related to time and place

family surgery unit, hospital, nurse-patient family caregiver

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34
Q

elements providing the foundation for theories

A

concepts

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35
Q

relationship for theory and APRN

A

theory guides practice

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36
Q

A concept used in theory may consist of which of the following?

A

One word, two words or a phrase

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37
Q

true or false: concepts are words or phrases that refrer to or describe a phenomenon

A

true

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38
Q

discrete concepts

A

identifies categories or classes of phenomenon

nurse, patient, marital status, ethnicity

yes or no

categorized into groups
like education level, gender, ethnicity, marital status

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39
Q

continuous concepts

A

also knowns as variable

degree of pain for example

or hope, quality of life, grief, social support; on a continuoum

so gender would not be variable; gender is discrete

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40
Q

walker and avant did what

A

strategies for concept developement in three processes

CA,CS, CD

oldest and most frequently used method in nursing

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41
Q

concept analysis

A

research or scholarship

42
Q

concept synthesis

A

research for development

43
Q

concept derivation

A

non nursing concept

44
Q

8 steps in walker and avant process

A
  1. Select a concept.
  2. Determine the purpose of the analysis.
  3. Identify uses of the concept.
  4. Determine defining attributes.
  5. Construct a model case.
  6. Construct borderline, related, contrary, invented, and illegitimate cases.
  7. Identify antecedents and consequences.
  8. Define empirical referents.
45
Q

self care deficit

A

orem**

46
Q

goal attainment through negotiation

A

king

47
Q

caring

A

watson

48
Q

how many levels of entry for nursing

A

three

49
Q

science is concerned with causality like?

A

cause and effect

50
Q

different kinds of knowledge

A

evolves from philosophical and scientifically perspectives or viewpoints

51
Q

quantitative

A

numbers statistics

Both are important for gaining different kinds of knowledge.

52
Q

qualitative

A

words meanings

Both are important for gaining different kinds of knowledge.

53
Q

multiple approaches to knowledge development and ——————–should be encouraged.

A

methodological pluralism

54
Q

practice science

A

using quantitative research methods to develop knowledge

55
Q

human science

A

using qualitative research

56
Q

4 ways of knowing

A

E, E, E, P

57
Q

ethics knowing

A
  • The moral component
  • Moral code for nursing
  • Based on obligation to service and respect for human life
  • Occurs as moral dilemmas arise in ambiguous and uncertain situations
  • Requires evaluation of what is good, valuable, and desirable.
  • Must address conflicting norms, interests, and principles.
  • Example: confronting and resolving conflicting values such as: end of life care, organ donation, use of stem cells, etc.
58
Q

esthetic

A
  • The Art of Nursing
  • Expressive, subjective, experiential understanding

(esss*thetic, sexy, subjective, expessssion)

  • Includes sensing the meaning of a moment
  • Expressed in actions, conduct, attitudes, and interactions of the nurse
  • Relies on perception*
  • Incorporates empathy, intuition, values, and understanding
  • Not expressed in words
  • Example: use of intuition (knowing when a patient is going downhill before seeing actual vital sign changes).
59
Q

empiric

A
  • The Science of Nursing
  • Objective, verifiable, and generally quantifiable knowledge.

(oooooo- LMNOP) empiric**

  • When verified through research/testing, empirical knowledge becomes laws, theories, and principles that explain and predict.
  • The most emphasized way of knowing in nursing.
  • Comes from direct or indirect observation, testing and replication.
  • Purpose is to describe, explain, and predict phenomena of concern to nurses.
  • Examples: IV insertion, & venous access device (VAD) care
60
Q

personal

A
  • Subjective view of the self and the client
  • Promotes integrity in personal encounters
  • Incorporates experience, personal maturity, knowing, encountering, and actualizing the self within the practice
  • May include spiritual or metaphysical elements
  • Used when nurses engage in the therapeutic use of self in clinical practice.
61
Q

theory has to be ________

A

understandable

62
Q

theory provides…..

A

framework, systematic explanation of the event

A systematic explanation of an event in which constructs and concepts are identified and relationships are proposed and predictions made
A system of interrelated propositions used to predict, explain, understand, and control a part of the empirical world

63
Q

theory is constructed with several basic elements or building blocks

A

concepts, variables, statements, and formats

64
Q

metatheory

A

super broad, the most abstract

theory about theory

65
Q

grand theory

A

complex and broad
nonspecific
provides a general framework
are not generally amenable to testing

66
Q

middle range theory

A

more circumscribed
limited in scope
specific
description of a particular phenomenon
relationship between concepts

67
Q

practice theory

A

leats abstract
* Called microtheories, prescriptive theories, situation-specific theories
* Least complex; contain fewest concepts
* Refer to specific, easily defined phenomena
* Limited to specific populations or fields of practice
* Often use knowledge from other disciplines

68
Q

the most global perspective of a discipline

A

metaparadigm

69
Q

4 concepts of a metaparadigm

A

nursing, person, environment, and health

70
Q

types of theory

A

4: descriptive, explanatory, predictive, and prescriptive

71
Q

why the theory was formulated; specifies the context or situation in which it should be applied

A

the purpose

71
Q

theoretical definition of a theory

A

the description of a phenomena; the encyclopedia of the word; unique

72
Q

operational definition of a theory

A

the measure, the idenification of empirical referents- pain= pain scale

a way of measure **

73
Q

gives concept definition a way of measuring

A

operational statement

74
Q

True or false Propositions and hypotheses are written to identify relationships between concepts.

A

true

75
Q

A nurse has just finished validating a relational statement in her process of developing a theory for nursing. What should she do next?

A

Formulate systematic linkages between and among concepts.

75
Q

the purposes of linkages

A

arrangements leads to hypothesis

76
Q

Statements that are taken to be true without proof & can be argued philosophically

A

assumptions

77
Q

Theory evaluation: has _____ phases

A

3

77
Q

A nurse has decided to modify an existing business management theory to develop a theory for nursing that is informed by the nurse’s experience in practice. Which approach to theory development does this represent?

A

theory to practice to theory

borrowed theory to utilized in nursing

77
Q

sequence represents the correct order of steps in the process of theory development

A

bConcept development, statement development, theory construction, testing theoretical relationships, and application of theory in practice.

CS3T

77
Q

Which of the following is NOT one of categorizations of grand nursing theories described in the text?
A. Historical/generative theories
B. Human needs theories
C. Interactive/integrative process theories
D. Unitary process theories

A

A. Historical/generative theories

77
Q

Which of the following would NOT be a component of the process of theory construction

A

Review the theoretical literature

we dont need to review the literature

78
Q

theory analysis

A

second step of evlauation process
objectively
nonjudgementally examining the content,structure and function of the theory

  • Goal is to understand the theory.
  • Helps determine if the theory has potential for use in practice, research, education, or administration
78
Q

The seven criteria for analysis of grand theories include which of the following? Select all that apply. (3)
a. Background of the theorist
b. Usefulness
c. Parsimony—-the more complex a theory is the harder it is to understand. “The more parsimony a theory has, more difficult.”
d. Time period

A

ABC

79
Q

What is the purpose for critiquing theories?
a. To determine usefulness in nursing science.
b. To evaluate the scholar’s work for publication.
c. To determine applicability to other disciplines.
d. To prove the theory.

A

a

79
Q

_________ is a necessary process to determine its usefulness to nursing science.

A

Critiquing Theory

– Background? Where did they go to school?
– Value?
– Usefulness?
– Parsimony? More complex the theory the more depth.

80
Q

What are the noted reasons for using theory in nursing practice? Select all that apply. (3)
e. To improve patient outcomes.
f. To renew and update practice.
g. To enhance quality of health care.
h. To advance the image of nursing in society

A

abc

81
Q

Human needs theories-

A

Nightingale, Dorothy Orem, Henderson, Johnson.

82
Q

Unitary process theories-

A

Martha Rogers, Newman, Parse.

82
Q

Interactive theories-.

A

Imogene King, Erickson, Roy, Watson, Levine

83
Q

the more complex a theory is the harder it is to understand. “The more __________ a theory has, more difficult.

A

parsimony

84
Q

Most important function of Middle Range Theories

A

define components of nursing science

85
Q

why do we critique a theory?

A

To determine its usefulness in nursing practice

85
Q

compared with grand, middle range and and nursing theories are easy to apply

A

true

85
Q

theory is rooted in practice, it is refined by research and should be

A

reapplied in practice.

86
Q

t/f=Middle range nursing theories are often developed from quantitative research studies but rarely from qualitative or grounded theory research studies

A

false

87
Q

T/F= Evidence-based practice should be used in the development of current standards of care for nursing practice.

A

TRUE

Evidence-based practice is focused on the science more than the art of nursing and is associated with research. Current standards of practice should be developed based on the current evidence in research.

88
Q

All of the following are common to both EBP guidelines and protocols and situation-specific(practice) theory EXCEPT:
A. Describes interventions, type of client, situation, or condition
B. Developed from experimental research
C. Prescribes activities to reach goals
D. Suggests measurements or protocols for analysis

A

D

89
Q

Metaphysics—study of nature of reality and existence
* Ontology—
* Cosmology—

A

O=study of the theory of being (ex: pain, anxiety)
&
C=study of the physical universe

NP (6 decks)

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