Concepts in microbial Resistance

Question 1

what are the basic mechanisms driving microbial resistance

Answer 1

Target structure lacking
impermeability
chemical form alteration
modification of target site
metabolic modification
efflux pump

Question 2

what are the most common type of signalling systems

Answer 2

2-component
which consist of a sensor kinase protein and response regulatory protein

Question 3

some examples of 2 component regulatory system

Answer 3

Che system
phoQ
Nar

Question 4

how does vibrio chlerae form bio films

Answer 4

vibrio down regulates biofilm formation when there is too many of the organisum around and upregulated when the cell density’s are low

Question 5

what are 2 major adavtages which biofilm formation gives

Answer 5

Protection for tocins and nurtiant avilibity

Question 6

what are bile salts selective against on gall stones?

Answer 6

gram negatives

Question 7

which phase are cells most resistant to environmental stress

Answer 7

the stationary phase

Question 8

what is the heat shock response

Answer 8

when envoirmental tempatures increase rapidly there is a increase in the production of heat shock proteins relative to other proteins

Question 9

what is the fucntion of heat shock proteins

Answer 9

they play impornat roles at all tempatures but there main function is to eliminate proteins which have been damaged by heat stress

Question 10

What is the role of RpOH

Answer 10

Respnsible for heat shock protein synthesis thus if a cell is diffencat in this gene they they are unable to grow above 20C

Question 11

*What are the roles of HSPS(heat shock proteins)

Answer 11

1) folding proteins at all tempatures
2) export of proteins at all tempatures
3) refolding misfolded polypetides
4) proteolysis of imporperly folded proteins

Question 12

what is one of the key enzymes which are invoved in DNA repair

Answer 12

Photolyase is a key enxyme which is used in DNA repair this enzyme helps reverse dimerization which occurs due to damage from free radicals