Concepts and Terms

Question 1

technical field of using microscopes to view samples & objects that cannot be seen with the unaided eye.

Answer 1

Microscopy

Question 2

light is passed through a condenser lens to focus it on the sample to have maximum brightness.

Answer 2

Light Microscopy

Question 3

In light microscopy, light is passed through a ___ to focus it on the sample to have maximum brightness.

Answer 3

condenser lens

Question 4

Common protist species found in ponds

Answer 4

Euglena
Paramecium
Amoebas
Cilliates

Question 5

made of simple squamous epithelial cells

Answer 5

Human cheek cells

Question 6

flat cells with a round visible nucleus

Answer 6

simple squamous epithelial cells

Question 7

circular/ovoid, apiculate and elongated

Answer 7

Yeast cells

Question 8

round to oval in shape

Answer 8

Circular/ovoid

Question 9

oval with pointed ends

Answer 9

Apiculate

Question 10

long rod-like cells with straight edges, or highly elongated ovals.

Answer 10

Elongated

Question 11

Arbitrary spaces

Needs to be calibrated using stage micrometer

Answer 11

Ocular Micrometer

Question 12

degree to which an object is enlarged or reduced using a system of lenses

Answer 12

Magnification

Question 13

objective x ocular

Answer 13

Linear magnification

Question 14

small, circular molecules of double-stranded DNA that occur naturally in bacterial cells; self-replicating genetic elements

Answer 14

Plasmid

Question 15

in biotechnology; made from natural plasmids by removing unnecessary segments and adding essential sequences

Answer 15

Plasmid vectors

Question 16

Nicked circle & supercoiled (naturally occurring)

Answer 16

Plasmid Conformations

Question 17

native DNA conformation found in vivo

Answer 17

Supercoiled Plasmid

Question 18

Occurs when extra twists are introduced into the double helix strand

Answer 18

Supercoiled Plasmid

Question 19

This tension cannot be relieved because the ends of the plasmid are joined together

Answer 19

Supercoiled Plasmid

Question 20

Migrates faster than predicted in an agarose gel

Answer 20

Supercoiled Plasmid

Question 21

Supercoiled Plasmid is the desired species when isolating ____

Answer 21

plasmid DNA

Question 22

During replication, _____ nick one strand of the DNA helix and relax the superhelical tension, allowing polymerases to gain access to DNA.

Answer 22

cellular topoisomerases

Question 23

Slowest migrating form in an agarose gel

Answer 23

Nicked, Relaxed, or Circular

Question 24

DNA helix is cut in both strands at the same place

Answer 24

Linear Plasmid

Question 25

Migrates between the nicked circle and the supercoiled forms.

Answer 25

Linear Plasmid

Question 26

If you get linear plasmid conformation, it is due to _____ or ____

Answer 26

nudease contamination or harsh treatment during purification.

Question 27

measure genomic and plasmid DNA concentration

Answer 27

Spectrophotometry

Question 28

Used to measure microgram quantities of pure DNA samples (DNA that is not contaminated by proteins, pheno, agarose, or RNA)

Answer 28

Spectophotometry

Question 29

DNA absorbs max at ____ due to presence of aromatic rings in the nitrogenous bases of nucleotides

Answer 29

260nm

Question 30

DNA absorbs max at 260nm due to

Answer 30

presence of aromatic rings in the nigtrogenous bases of nucleotides

Question 31

The ff represents the 260/280 ratios estimated for each nucleotide measured individually:

Answer 31

Guanine - 1.15
Cytosine - 1.51
Adenine - 4.50
Uracil - 4.00
Thymine - 1.47

Question 32

concentration of DNA in solution can be estimated

Answer 32

UV absorbance

Question 33

Proteins absorb max at _____ and at _____

Answer 33

190-230nm range; 280 nm

Question 34

Proteins absorb max at 190-230nm range due to

Answer 34

peptide bonds

Question 35

Proteins absorb max at 190-230nm range due to peptide bonds, and at 280 nm due to

Answer 35

aromatic amino acids (tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan).

Question 36

aromatic amino acids

Answer 36

tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan

Question 37

RNA typically have higher 260/280 ratio than dna due to

Answer 37

higher ratio of uracil than thymine

Question 38

technique that uses electrical current to separate DNA, RNA or proteins based on their physical properties (size and charge)

Answer 38

Electrophoresis

Question 39

Used for separation of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) fragments based on their size

Answer 39

Agarose Gel Electrophoresis

Question 40

migrates through the pores of an agarose gel towards positively charged end of the gel when an electrical current is applied.

Answer 40

Negatively charged DNA/RNA

Question 41

migrate faster than bigger ones

Answer 41

Smaller fragments

Question 42

Resulting bands can be visualized using

Answer 42

UV light

Question 43

Polysaccharide purified from red algae or seaweed

Answer 43

Agarose

Question 44

are long, linear polymers of a repeating disaccharide D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-a-L-galactropyranose

Answer 44

Agarose molecules

Question 45

Migration rate of DNA molecules decreases as

Answer 45

concentration of agarose in gel increases.

Question 46

Longer electrophoretic runs will increase the

Answer 46

separation between fragments

Question 47

important for the analysis of DNA fragments esp if they are close in size.

Answer 47

Adequate separation

Question 48

If conducted too long, DNA bands may

Answer 48

migrate off the end of the gel.

Question 49

the faster the DNA will travel through the gel.

Answer 49

Higher voltage

Question 50

Too high voltages can possibly

Answer 50

melt the gel / cause smearing or distortion of DNA bands

Question 51

Lab technique for rapidly producing (amplifying) millions to billions of copies of a specific segment of DNA

Answer 51

PCR

Question 52

About 20-25 nucleotides long
Manufactured; designed to be specific to a target
Attach to DNA sequences at either end of a target

Answer 52

Primers

Question 53

Components needed for PCR

Answer 53

Primase, DNA polymerase, Nucleotides (dNTPs), Buffer

Question 54

uses multiple pairs of primers to amplify multiple targets in one reaction tube.

Answer 54

Multiplex PCR

Question 55

Forensic DNA analysis works this way.
By marking the primers with different tags, it’s easy to tell the products from different target sequences apart.

Answer 55

Multiplex PCR

Question 56

All living cells make this enzyme and use it to copy their DNA

Answer 56

DNA Polymerase

Question 57

will copy DNA from any species; not picky

Answer 57

DNA Polymerase

Question 58

Any polymerase can work, but PCR uses polymerase from bacteria that

Answer 58

live in hot springs (i.e., Themus acquaticus).

Question 59

DNA building blocks

Answer 59

Nucleotides (dNTPs)

Question 60

Create conditions where DNA polymerase can work. The goal is to mimic the conditions inside a cell.

Answer 60

Buffer (Salt, Water, etc.)

Question 61

also part of the PCR master mix.

Answer 61

MgCl2

Question 62

Acts as a cofactor, enhances the enzymatic activity of DNA polymerase = boosting DNA amplification

Answer 62

MgCl2

Question 63

Programmable device where the temperature cycling takes place.

Answer 63

PCR Machine/Thermal Cycler

Question 64

Before PCR Machine, scientists used ___ instead of PCR

Answer 64

water baths at different temperatures and a timer.