Concepts And Perspectives

Question 1

1. Def growth
2. Growth as biological activity
3. Underlying processes of growth
4. Cell growth

Answer 1

1. Changes in size
2. Most dominant biological activity for first 2 decades of life (including prenatal)
3. Hyperplasia, hypertrophy, accretion, predom varies with age and tissue
4. Process of increasing cell number, size, and layers/networks

Question 2

1. Hyperplasia
2. Hypertrophic
3. Accretion

Answer 2

1. Increase cell number via mitosis, creating identical cells
2. Increase cell size by increasing func units in proteins or substrates
3. Increase in intercellular substrate (in/organic) mat binding cells together, like formation of adipose tissue

Question 3

1. Maturation
2. Timing
3. Tempo
4. Maturity

Answer 3

1. Timing and tempo of progress towards mature state in all tissues, varies individually
2. When a maturation event occurs
3. Rate at which maturation progresses
4. State of being mature, vary and can be specific to each biological system

Question 4

1. Similarity b/w growth and maturation
2. Diff b/w growth and maturation

Answer 4

1. Are dynamic, unidirectional cellular processes moving towards maturity
2. Growth is increase in size (height, body comp, physique) during the process of maturation towards a mature state (complete systems)

Question 5

1. Biological dev
2. Behavioural dev
3. dev motor skills
4. Newell’s theory of constraints

Answer 5

1. Differentiation, specialization, and refinement of stem cells into cell types, tissues, organs, and func units
2. Est competence in variety of domains as a person adjusts to their environment through acquisition and refinement of behaviours
3. Dev of basic movement patterns depend on the rate of maturation, growth, and maturity status, learning and practice refine motor skills for motor competence
4. Movement arises from dynamic interaction of individual constraints with the environment within the task that is being completed

Question 6

1. Physical activity
2. Importance in childhood
3. Attitudes towards physical activities

Answer 6

1. Any type of increase in muscle expenditure over resting E, including free play, exercise, chores, manual labour etc
2. Healthy weight regulation and health
3. Habits and attitudes towards physical activity can be carried over to adulthood and influence lifestyle decisions in health

Question 7

1. Training for sport
2. Physical fitness

Answer 7

1. Highly specialized systemic practice for a discipline for a particular season
2. An adaptive state which changes with growth and maturity with diff comp (strength, aerobic, etc) or planned and structured physical activity with the objective of achieving a goal or maintaining state of physical fitness

Question 8

Physical performance in children

Answer 8

Learn, dev and refinement of motor skills, first 7-8 years dev basic movement before specialization

Question 9

1. Isometric growth
2. Allometric growth
3. Relative v. absolute size change

Answer 9

1. Body parts grow at the same rate and relative size and external features stay constant
2. Body parts grow at diff rate, change in size and external features
3. Absolute size change is value of size change (cm, kg), relative is change comp to other body parts

Question 10

1. Scammon’s growth curve
2. Four phases of growth
3. How GMD interact

Answer 10

1. Growth curves for diff body sys gen by toddies and organ weight at each age
2. Rapid gain infancy to early childhood, steady mid childhood, rapid gain adolescence, slow increase until adult stature
3. GMD work together to influence self-concept, self-esteem, and perceived competence

Question 11

1. Chronological age v. biological processes
2. Adjusted age
3. Use of chronological age and research

Answer 11

1.Chronological age is a reference point using time for GMD but individuals reach diff states of biological maturity at different ages
2. Children with premature birth are developmentally behind their peers for early infancy, using agdjust
3. Def age for research allows for comparisons b/w studies

Question 12

1. Sig of age groups
2. Reasons to study GMD

Answer 12

1. determine normal bio vari and compare childs GMD change over time (participant vari), b/w children with diff age/gender (b/w participant), variables differ b/w pop (b/w pop vari)
2. Evaluate status and progress, predict, track, gen ref

Question 13

1. Pros of early training
2. Cons of early training
3. Peak yrs in sport

Answer 13

1. reg phys activity, stronger CVH, increase phys fitness, social skills
2. fall behind in other skills, MSK injuries, stress of competition
3. depends on sport type (endurance, strength, etc)

Question 14

1. Age groups in infancy
2. Age groups in childhood
3. Adolescence

Answer 14

1. first year, perinatal (1 week), neonatal (1 month), postnatal (rest of yr 1)
2. early childhood (1-4), middle childhood (4-10)
3. WHO says 10-18 but vari in onset