Concepts

Question 1

Hazard Analysis involves 2 steps

Answer 1

1. Hazard identification and evaluation

2. Risk Analysis

Question 2

Risk Pyramids - 3

Answer 2

1. Heinrich Ratio(1931) - 1 disabling injury, 29 minor, 300 no injury
2. First Bird Ratio (lukens Steel - 1966) 1, 100, 500 (property damage)
3. Second Bird Ratio (insurance company of north america- 1969) 1, 10, 30 (property), 600 (near miss)

Another study: (UK - 1993) 1 lost time, 7 minor, 189 non-injury

Question 3

Who should investigate?

Answer 3

1 choice: First Line Supervisor - most interest in the problem
2. Middle or higher managers - crossover between departments, broad, costs high

Question 4

Steps in an investigation

Answer 4

1. respond to the incident promptly
2. gather info
3. analyze and evaluate causes
4. develop and take remedial action
5. review findings and recommendations
6. follow through

Question 5

SCAT

Answer 5

Systematic Cause Analysis Technique.

Problem-solving tool based on the DNV Management Systems loss causation model. Systematically link losses, contacts, and immediate causes to the underlying basic causes and appropriate control action needs.

Question 6

MORT

Answer 6

Management Oversight and Risk Tree

Pre-designed tree consisting of 3 branches.

1. Specific control oversights and omissions,
2. Management system oversights and omissions,
3. Assumed-risks.

Generally describes all phases of a safety program and its particular value in incident investigations.

Question 7

Statistical Analysis - 3 measures of central tendency (average)

Answer 7

Mode, Median and Mean

Question 8

Mode

Answer 8

The value (s) that occur most frequently

Question 9

Median

Answer 9

Middle value, when all numbers are arranged in order of magnitude. Odd = middle value, Even = divide two middle values by 2

Question 10

Mean (Arithmetic Mean)

Answer 10

Sum of all values / divided by the number of values

Question 11

Dispersion (Stats)

Answer 11

Scattering of frequencies about their average.

The range - interval between the upper and lower limits of the distribution.

Standard deviation - Difference between any value and the mean, squared, summed and divided by n-1 to get the variance. The square root of the variance is the standard deviation.

Question 12

JSA

Answer 12

Job Safety Analysis (single job)

Question 13

Task Analysis

Answer 13

Occupations, tasks, critical tasks, analyze, write practive/procedure, train/use, document/followup

Question 14

Material/ process flow analysis

Answer 14

Hazards associated with materials and the flow or movement of materials (raw - finish)

Question 15

Process Hazard Analysis

Answer 15

Analysis of the hazards that evolve as a result of the work. Chemical, industrial etc.

Question 16

Process Safety Analysis

Answer 16

Analysis of hazards associated with chemicals, manufacturing, or other process orientated industrial operations.

Question 17

Safety though design (StD)

Answer 17

Address safety during design or re-design stage of a process, rather than apply safety ‘fixes’ after the fact

TQM (total quality mgmt) and RM (risk management ) are combined. TQM - E. Deming’s principle - in order to manage anything effectively, it must be visible as a process.

Question 18

Inductive method

Answer 18

use observable data to predict events or outcomes

Question 19

Deductive method

Answer 19

Use combined -events analysis, trees.

What if analysis, Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA), Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP), and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA).