Conception to Birth Unit Test Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
What are internal factors influencing teen pregnancies?
A
- Lack of Knowledge
- Sexual Feelings
- Scared to talk about it
- The desire of Love and Attention
2
Q
What are external factors influencing teen pregnancies?
A
- Societal Pressure
- Pressure from peers
- Pressure from partner
- Family history
- Childhood Environment/Relationship with parents
- Substance use/abuse
- Lack of contraceptives
3
Q
What are some challenges teen mothers face?
A
Societal judgment, Financial issues, Education, Routines, Mental health.
4
Q
How does teen pregnancy affect the teen?
A
- Could develop mental and physical health problems.
- Teens don’t stand well financially, therefore, having a baby will decrease income even more.
- A baby takes up a lot of time, therefore, education will be affected.
5
Q
How does teen pregnancy affect the child?
A
They’re more likely to be premature causing problems with breathing regulating body temperature, low birth weight, and physical and mental disabilities.
6
Q
How does teen pregnancy affect the family?
A
- Taking time out of there own lives to take care of another human.
- might cause anger and conflict between family members
7
Q
How does teen pregnancy affect society?
A
A lot of financial issues because of the money spent by the government.
8
Q
What are the contraceptive choices?
A
The pill, The patch, NuvaRing, Depo-Provera, IUD, Condoms, The Morning After Pill (Plan B)
9
Q
What is the Pill?
A
A pill that releases estrogen and progesterone to prevent ovulation.
10
Q
What is the Patch?
A
Weekly method. Patch releases estrogen and progestin. Stops ovulation.
11
Q
What is the NuvaRing?
A
Small, flexible vaginal ring used to prevent pregnancy. Once it is in the vagina, it releases a continuous low dose of hormones.
12
Q
What is the Depo-Provera?
A
An injection for women that contains the hormone progestin. Given every 3 months. Usually keeps ovaries from releasing an egg.
13
Q
What is the IUD?
A
Tiny T-shaped device inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancies. It stays in up to 5 years.
14
Q
What is the Condom?
A
A thin rubber sheath worn on a man’s penis during intercourse to prevent pregnancies and prevention against STD’s.
15
Q
What is Plan B?
A
Plan B if taken within 72 hours or preferably withing 12 hours after intercourse can prevent pregnancy.
It does this by temporarily stoping the release of an egg, preventing fertilization, or preventing a fertilized egg from attaching to the uterus.
16
Q
Order of conception
A
- Decision to have a child
- Male’s erect penis put into female’s vagina
- Ejaculation: Sperm enters vagina
- Sperm swim up vagina
- Sperm meet ovum in fallopian tubes (if ovulation occurred)
- One sperm enters ovum’s outer membrane (fertilization)
- Fertilized egg (zygote) travels to uterus
- Zygote implants on wall of uterus
- Confirm pregnancy
- Good prenatal care
- Nine months pass
- Contractions of uterus opens cervix
- Baby enters birth canal
- Abdominal muscles propel baby through vagina
- Umbilical cord cut
- Dilivery of Placenta
17
Q
What are some pregnancy symptoms:
A
- peeing a lot
- tender breasts
- fatigue
- gaining 25-35 pounds
- Lower back pain
- an increase of cravings and food intake
- Nausea
- stretch marks
- dizziness
- swollen feet/ankles
- varicose veins
- Belly button pop
- emotional
- Braxton - hicks contractions
- feeling baby move
- hair become thicker and healthier
18
Q
Name 5 early signs of pregnancy:
A
Missing periods, Food cracings, Fatigue, Enlarged and tender breasts, bloating.
19
Q
What are the two common types of pregnancy tests?
A
Homecare pregnancy tests and laboratory tests
20
Q
What is an obstetrician?
A
A doctor who specializes in delivering babies; they deliver the majority of babies born in Canada.
21
Q
What is a midwife?
A
Care for women with low-risk pregnancies and to deliver their babies.
22
Q
What is the purpose of testing a pregnant woman’s urine?
A
They can determine infection, diabetes, and hypertension.
23
Q
Why is a doctor’s care important throughout pregnancy, beginning early in pregnancy?
A
Most development happen in the first trimester as do most prenatal testing. To make sure mom and baby are healthy.
24
Q
What is anemia and how do doctors check for it?
A
It is a low blood count and doctors check this by a one purpose blood test.
25
What is the usual schedule for checkups for a pregnant woman?
Monthly visits for maternity patients. During the 7th month, visits usulaly increase to every 2 weeks. Weekly visits are standard during the 9th month.
26
What is the first stage of prenatal development and how long does it last?
Prenatal development starts right at the moment of conception all the way to birth!
27
What happens during the embryo stage and how long does it take?
All major systems begin to develop, the brain grows at a rapid pace, and by 8 weeks the fetus is 2.5 cm and start to resemble a human. (lasts about 8 weeks)
28
What is the function of the placenta, the umbilical cord and the amniotic sac?
The placenta is the sac in which the baby grows in, the umbilical cord is the "life line"; it transfers the nutrients from the mother to the fetus, and the amniotic sac is the fluid filled sac that protects the fetus in the womb.
29
What is the name of the third and final stage of prenatal development?
The third stage is called "The stage of the Fetus"
30
How long is each of the trimesters of pregnancy?
Each trimester is 3 months long.
31
What is quickening and when does it occur?
Quickening is when you can feel the baby move; it occurs in the second trimester.
32
Why do women have prenatal tests?
It helps determine if the baby will need special medication before and after birth. People also do this to help make decisions about the pregnancy and future pregnancies.
33
Define miscarriage and what time does it usually occur?
Miscarriages are when a baby dies spontaneously. Normally in the first trimester.
34
List 5 possible warning signs during pregnancies:
- Vaginal bleeding
- Extreme puffiness in hands and/or feet
- Severe or persistent abdominal pain
- A severe headache
- Sudden weight gain of more than a kilogram (two pounds)
35
What is infertility?
The inability to have a baby.
36
What are some infertility treatments?
Surgery, Antibiotics, Medication or counseling, Hormone treatments, IUI (sperm is collected and then placed directly inside eth woman's uterus while she is ovulating, IVF (the sperm and egg are collected and brought together in a lab, and GIFT which is the same as IVF except the fertilized egg is quickly placed in a fallopian tube.
37
Who might choose fertility treatment?
Women who has had more than one miscarriage, woman under 35 and haven't gotten pregnant after 12 months of trying, woman over 35 and haven't gotten prenant after 6 months of trying, men who's had a poor seman analysis.
38
What happens in the first Trimester?
- Sperm joins egg
- Cells rapidly divide, embryo floats toward the uterus
- Embryo implants itself in the wall of the uterus
- Backbone, spine, spinal cord, brain and nervous system form.
- Lungs, intestines, and beginnings of urinary system start to develop
- Heart starts beating
- Intestines are developing and the appendix is in place
- Placenta starts working
- Spine and spinal cord grow quickly
- Facial features become visible
- Muscle system is formed
- Movement begins
- An embryo is about 1 half-inch long
- Arms, legs, fingers and toes form,
- Brain waves can be measured
- The heart is almost completely developed
- Baby teeth form in the gums
- A brain is physically fully formed
- Able to feel pain
- Vocal cords are used to cry silently
39
What happens in the Second Trimester?
- Muscles get longer and are easier to move
- Mother feels kicking and movement inside her. The fetus is cushioned in the liquid called amniotic fluid
- Adult taste buds are formed
- Eyebrows, eyelashes, and hair start to grow
- The fetus is able to grasp things with hands
- Kicking continues
- A fetus can hear voices and recognizes the mother's voice
- Fingernails and fingerprints appear
- Sex organs are formed
- The fetus starts growing quickly in size
40
What happens in the Third Trimester?
- The fetus is covered with downy hair called lanugo
- Fetus inhales amniotic fluid to practice breathing
- Skin is covered by a waxy substance called vernix
- Nourishment from he mother through the umbilical cord continues
- Fetus sleeps most of the day
- The fetus gains the most weight (1/2 pounds per week) and grows longer.
41
Things to avoid during pregnancy:
Smoking, Alchohol, high-fatty food, undercooked meat, Certain exercise, Sauna's or Jacuzzi's, Sunbeds, X-rays, stress, etc.
42
What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)?
A combination of irreversible birth defects resulting from alcohol used while pregnant.
43
What are the criteria's for Fetal Alcohol syndrome?
- Frowth abnormalities in weight, height, and/or head circumference
- Altered form and facial defects
- Intellectual disabilites
44
Major effects of alcohol by trimester of pregnancy:
| 1st, 2nd, 3rd
First: Most development destruction occurs
Second: Increased risk of miscarriage
Third: Decreased fetal growth
45
What are 5 physical attributes of a baby with FAS?
Webbed feet, Cleft plate, Thin upper lip and smooth area between lip and nose, hip and joint deformities, short nose, small for their age, small head circumference, hearing and vision loss, genital malformation.
46
What are 5 problems associated with FAS and the central nervous system?
- Irritability in infancy
- Altered muscle tone
- Poor fine and gross motor skills
- Hyperactivity
- Hear conditions (almost half)
- Intellectual disability
- Behaviour disorders
- Acting out and uncontrollable temper tantrums
- Socially unacceptable behaviours
- Troubles with problems solving
47
How much Alcohol can cause FAS?
We don't know... ANY amount is considered too much!
48
Miscarriage:
Early loss of pregnancy...
49
C-section:
When the baby is removed through a cut in the abdominal wall and uterus
50
Umbilical Cord:
The Lifeline
51
Fetal Monitor:
A machine that records contractions and fetal heartbeat
52
Apgar:
Method of quick evaluation of a baby after birth
53
Contractions:
Tightening and relaxing of the uterus
54
Breech:
The position in which the baby is born buttocks first
55
Circumcision:
The procedure in which a small portion of skin is cut from the foreskin of the penis
56
The cervix must do this to allow a vaginal birth:
Dilate
57
Uterus:
The organ where the fetus grows
58
Vagina:
The birth canal
59
Episiotomy:
A small vaginal cut that makes it easier for the baby's head to be born
60
Anesthesia:
Medication used to eliminate pain
61
Neonate:
A term for an infant less than one-month-old
62
Lanugo:
Fine hair on a newborn's skin
63
Vernix:
The white protective coating on a newborn's skin
64
Bond:
The closeness between a parent and child
65
Colostrum:
Yellow fluid rich in nutrients and antibodies
66
Premature:
Newborn weighing 2.5 kg (5 1/2lbs) or less
67
NBAS:
A test is given outside the hospital to assess a neonate's state, stimulation, and strength of reflexes and reactions
68
Breastfeeding pros:
- Saves money
- Healthier for baby (at the beginning)
- Fewer health problems
- Helps mother lose weight
- Helps mother recover
- it's natural
- can reduce postpartum depression
- breast milk taste different depending on what mother eats
- comforting and gives mother & baby a bond
- Relaxing
- Easier at night
- Can always pump
69
Breastfeeding cons:
- Hurts
- Chance of gastrointestinal illness
- Time-consuming
- Ball of the nipple can fall off...
- Societal judgment
- You don't know how much milk the baby is getting
70
5 breastfeeding myths:
- Better for baby
- It will make your baby clingy and dependent
- You can't nurse if you have a blocked duct
- Pain is normal
- The size of your breast doesn't depict how much milk you will produce
71
What is post-partum depression?
Mood disorder associated with childbirth.
72
Which parent determines the babies sex?
The Father
73
3 genetic traits:
Hand Clasping, Ear lob attachment, Curly hair, eye colour, dimples, Freckles, Right-handedness, Widows Peak, etc.
74
What are some possible genetic diseases?
Down syndrome, Cystic Fibrosis, Muscular Dystrophy, Sickle-Cell Anemia, Tay-Sachs disease and PKU.
75
Down Syndrome:
A child with down syndrome has an extra chromosome
- Moderate to severe mental impairment, heart defects, and sometimes physical challenges.
Special education and physical therapy enable man to lead productive, happy lives in spite of their challenges.
76
Cystic Fibrosis (CF):
Affects the lung and digestive tract.
- Have frequent lung infection due to mucus build up, trouble gaining weight, the lack of enzymes results in incomplete digestion of food
77
Muscular Dystrophy:
Can be inherited from one or both parents.
The skeletal muscles of children with any form of muscular dystrophy gradually weaken and cause permanent disabilities. Some signs appear early at birth; others appear in later childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood.
- Intense physical therapy gives a varying degree of independence; however, there is no cure.
78
Sickle-Cell Anemia:
Blood disorder.
-Malformed blood cells interfere with circulation enough to leave major organs starved for oxygen.
Lack of oxygen causes pain, fatigue, swelling in the joints, and often early death...
Meds will relieve symptoms, but there currently is no cure.
79
Tay-Sachs Disease:
Lack of a blood enzyme that breaks down fats.
Fats accumulate, particularly in the brain and nervous system causing cells to rupture. These cells lead to increasing blindness, deafness, loss of motor skills, and mental impairments.
Death is usually before 4th birthday...
No cure.
80
PKU:
Inability to break down proteins and fats causing brain damage long term.
Newborns are now routinely tested for PKU.
A carefully controlled diet can prevent or control the disease's effects!
81
Labour:
The process in which the baby gradually moves out of the uterus and into the vagina to be born.
82
Delivery:
Birth of baby
83
Braxton Hicks Contractions:
Painless, irregular contractions. Felt after the first trimester.
84
What are the early signs of labour?
- Bloody show
- Water Breaking
- Contractions
85
What is the bloody show?
Pink spotting of blood
86
What is "water breaking"?
Amniotic sac ruptures
| - Can trickle or gush
87
What are contractions?
Regular and increasing in intensity.
88
When should you go to the hospital?
When contractions are 5 minutes apart, lasting for 60 seconds occurring regularly for an hour.
If "water breaks"
89
The first stages of labour:
Initial Phase, Active Phase, Transition Phase
90
What is the Initial Phase?
Contractions:
- 20-30 mins, lasting 30-40 seconds
- Mothers pulse and blood pressure are checked regularly.
- Fetal heart rate is monitored
- IV started
91
What is the Activity Phase?
Contractions are 3-4 mins apar and lasts 40-60 seconds.
Cervix dilates 7cm
- Epidural is given if requested
- Walking helps the baby move down, offer encouragement, breathing, or massage tight muscles.
92
What is the Transition Phase?
```
around 90 minutes
Contractions regular and powerful
- Every 2 minutes
- Lasting 60 - 90 seconds
- Cervix dilated to 10 cm
```
93
What happens in the second stage of labour?
- Fully dilated, mom pushes with abdominal muscles
- Baby's skull is made of flexible plates that allow it to fit through
- Crowning occurs as baby's head emerges from a vagina
94
What happens in the third stage of labour?
- Mild contractions expel the placenta (10-30 mins)
- Nurse may massage the abdomen to assist the process
- Episiotomy or tears are repaired
95
The reason why C-sections are done:
- Poor presentation
- Baby too big
- Mother or child cannot tolerate labour
- Previous C-sections
- Mother too small
- Fetal distress
- STDs
- The new trend (in the USA)
