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N330 > Conception, Fetal Development & Genetics > Flashcards

Conception, Fetal Development & Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

How long is a mentrual cycle and when does ovulation occur

A

Mentraul cycle is 28 days

Ovulation occurs 14 days prior to menses (bleeding)

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2
Q

Signs of ovulation

A

Increase basal body temperature

Pain over ovary

Cervical mucus becomes clear, slippery, stretchy

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3
Q

Once ovulation occurs how long is ovum and sperm viable

A

Ovum is viable for 24 hrs

Sperm 48-72hrs

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4
Q

Where does fertilization occur usually

A

Outer third portion of fallopian tube

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5
Q

Zygot ( resulting structure) produces what and helps with what

A

Produces HCG which helps maintain the corpus luteum until implantation

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6
Q

What is the corpus luteum?

A

Where the ovum is release from in the ovary

Produces estrogen and progesterone to prepare endometrium for implantation

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7
Q

Implantation of trophoblast (outer cell of zygot) occurs when and where

What it produces

A

7-10 days upper posterior uterus

Produces HCG until placenta fully functioning

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8
Q

Dizygotic

A

Fraternal

Two ovum
Two sperm
Two zygotes

Have 2 amnions
Have 2 chorions

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9
Q

Monozygotic

A

Identical
One fertilized ovum splits (DNA splits)

May have:
Mono/mono (share placenta and sack)
Mono/di (own sack share a placenta)
Di/di (own sack and placenta)

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10
Q

Stages of fetal development

A

Zygotic stage
Blastocyst stage
Embryonic stage
Fetal stage

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11
Q

Zygotic stage

A

Fertilization of sperm and egg (conception)

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12
Q

Blastocyst stage

A

Zygote divides into a solid ball of cells and attaches to the uterus

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13
Q

Embryonic stage

A

End of the 2nd week thru eighth week

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14
Q

Fetal stage

A

Differentiation and structures specialized by end of the eighth week until birth

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15
Q

Once impanted called a what
After 8 weeks becomes what
What is most risk from in embryonic stage
What happens end of 8th week
Fetal period

A

Once impanted called embryo
After week 8 called fetus
Most risk from teratogens

End of 8th week organ systems are present and refinement of systems occurs

Fetal:9-40wks

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16
Q

40 week gestation break down

A

Gestation starts on 1st dat of last menstrual cycle
3 trimesters of 13 weeks
Trimesters:
1: 0-12 weeks
2: 13-27 weeks
3: 28-40 weeks

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17
Q

Chorion

A

Outermost layer

Fingers called chorionic villi which assist in attaching and implanting into uterus. Gives way to the placenta

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18
Q

Amnion

A

Fuses with chorion to become amniotic sac

Inner protective membrane contains the embryo and amniotic fluid

19
Q

Amniotic fluid
At term
Polyhydramnios
Oligohydramnios

A

At term: 700-1000ml

Poly: >2000ml (caused by GI problems)

Oligohydramnios <500ml (caused by renal, poor placental perfusion)

20
Q

Amniotic fluid functions (6)

A

Cushion/ shield against pressure
Control temp
Allow for symmetrical growth & development
MSK development
Protect against cord compression
Keep membranes from adhering to fetal parts

21
Q

Placenta
Functioning by when
Amount of layers of cells between mom/fetal circulation
Provides what exchange
Immunologic properties
Why is it an endocrine gland?

A

By 3rd week
One layer (so their blood never mixes)
Metabolic and nutrient exchange
IP: prevents rejection of new genetic material
Produces hormones from pregnancy

22
Q

Placenta as endocrine gland: what hormones

A

HCG
Estrogen
Progesterone
Prolactin
Human placental lactogen
Relaxin

23
Q

Placenta: HCG

Present where and when’
Max amount at how many days vs lowest
Stays high until when

A

Present in serum(blood) 8-10 days after fertilization
Present in urine at missed menses
Amount:
Max 50-70 days then declines to lowest 100-130 days

Stays high until placenta is fully functioning and produces its own estrogen and progesterone

24
Q

Placenta: estrogen

A

Growth in uterus, breast
Increased vascularity, and vasodilation

25
Q

Placenta: progesterone

A

Nutritive for blastocyst
Development of endometrium for implantation
Decreases contractility of uterus

26
Q

Placenta: prolactin

A

Important role in lactation

27
Q

Human placental lactogen

Stimulates changes in what
Can cause what

A

Stimulates changes in maternal metabolism

Can cause insulin resistance leading to gestational DM

28
Q

Placenta: relaxin

A

Softens ligaments and cartilage in skeletal muscles

Quiets the myometrium (prevents it from contracting during pregnancy0

29
Q

Placenta name for baby side vs mom side

A

Baby: shiney shultz

Mom: dirty dunken

30
Q

Umbilical cord
Connects what
Contains what vessels
Insertion of cord should be what
Check cord at birth for vessels
Check for what

A

Connects embryo/fetus to placenta
Contains 1 large vein and 2 small arteries (AVA)
Cord should be center of the placenta
Check for nuchal cord (around neck)
Check for knots (might have nots in cord)

31
Q

Fetal circulation (know where)

A

Placenta
One umbilical vein (oxygenated blood)
Ductus venosus
Foramen ovale (between atrium)
Ductus arteriosus
Two umbilical arteries (unoxygenated blood)

32
Q

Pulmonary pressure is what vs systemic pressure

A

Pulmonary pressure is high
Systemic pressures low

This is why the blood shunts thru foramen ovale and skips the ventricles and lungs

In case where it goes to ventricles it will shunt thru ductus arteriosus in the pulmonary artery.

33
Q

Milestones in fetal development
8-12wks
20wks
22wks
28wks
32wks
36wks

A

8-12: FHR with doppler
20: quickening (movement) sooner with multiple pregnancy
22: earliest point of viability (production of surfactant)
28: more developed respiratory system
32: sucking reflex
38: survival with little support

34
Q

Lung maturation (surfactant)
When its produced
What happens when further in gestation
What does it do

A

22 wks surfactant is starting to be produced

Further in gestation more surfactant is produced

Surfactant prevents alveoli from sticking together by reducing surface tension and coats the alveoli

35
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A

Teach avoid raw/rare meat and cat litter

Cause: blindness, cognitive impairment

36
Q

Chromosomal abnormalities do not follow what?

A

Patterns of inheritance

37
Q

AFP alpha-fetoprotein

Indicates

A

Neural tube defects
Down syndrome

38
Q

Amniocentesis

A

Drawl out amniotic fluid

39
Q

Chorionic villi sampling

A

Thru vaginal or abd drawl fluid

40
Q

Fetal nuchal translucency
What is
Indication

A

Ultra sound

Trisomies (including downs syndrome)

41
Q

Cell-free fetal DNA
What it is
Indication

A

Draw moms blood

Tells us:
Fetal sex
Some trisomies

42
Q

FSH (follicular secreting hormone)

A

Bleeding
Days: 1-14

Primary/secondary/graafian follicle

43
Q

LH (luteal hormone)

A

Days: 14-28
Imature follicle released to fallopian tube

Ovulation and corpus luteum

N330 (17 decks)

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