Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Woman and Infants > Conception and Normal Fetal Development > Flashcards

Conception and Normal Fetal Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between embryonic development and fetal development?

A

By week 9, thats when the fetus is referred to as a fetus and not an embryo

During the embryonic period, it is the most critical time in the development of organ systems and main external features

by 8 weeks, all organ systems and external structures are present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What organs FINISH developing during the state of the embryo? (by week 8)

A

Major congenital anomalies occur here

Heart, Upper limbs, lower limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What organs develop during the state of the fetus?

A

Eyes teeth,

palate (by end of week 9)
xternal genetitalia,
ear (by end of week 16)

functional defects and minor congenital anomalies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a teratogen?

A

An agent that acts directly on the developing fetus, causing abnormal embryonic or fetal development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the effects of teratogens dependant on? (3)

A
  1. Birth person and fetal genotype
  2. Stage of development when exposure occurs
  3. Dose and duration of exposure of the agent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is toxoplasmosis?

A

Toxoplasmosis is when a parasite that invades tissues and fetal brain

no cleaning cat litter
caution when gardening
no eating RAW or partially cooked meat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of toxoplasmosis?

A

fever
fatigue
headaches
swollen
lymph glands
muscle aches/pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What diseases are fatal for pregnant women (TORCH)

A

T toxoplasmosis gondii
O ther (VZV, HIV, Listeria, syphalliz, herpes)
R rubella
C cytomegalovirus
H herpes simplex-virus-1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What disease is the most common perinatal infectious agent? and the long-term health problems

A

Cytomegalovirus ; hearing loss, development and motor delay, vision loss, microcephaly, seizures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Talk about HSV in pregnancy

A

it is a viral infection causing painful, recurrent lesions on oral and genital

passed to infant through vaginal birth

high mortality rate

put woman on antiviral mediation towards the end of pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the two parts of the fetal membrane

A

Chiron - Outside ; toward uterus
- Develops from trophoblast
- Contains chorionic villi on the surface
- becomes the COVERING OF FETAL SIDE OF PLACENTA
- CONTAINS MAJOR UMBILICAL BLOOD VESSELS

Amnion
- Inner cell membrane develops from blastocyst
- COVERS THE UMBILICAL CORD
- covers chorion of the fetal surface of the placenta

they fuse to form the amniotic sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the mechanics of the amniotic fluid

A

Fluid diffuses from the maternal blood
( increases as pregnancy progresses)
- fetal urine increases the fluid
- the fetal swallows fluid (because the fetal lungs dont work)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 5 functions of amniotic fluid?

A
  • maintains temperature (warm)
  • source of oral fluid
  • respiratory for waste
  • protects fetus from trauma
  • allows for freedom of movement assisting musculoskeletal development and growth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does the placenta do for the baby?

A

Produces hormones:
hCG , progesterone, estrogens, hPL, relaxin, inhibin

metabolic functions: respiration, nutrition, excretion, storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the parts of the cardiovascular system

A

FIRST system to function

two arteries : carry deoxygenated food
FETUS to PLACENTA

one vein: carries oxygenated blood from PLACENTA to FETUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the pathway of oxygenated blood from placenta to the fetus

A

Placenta
Umbilical Vein
DUCTUS VENOSUS (bypasses the liver)
IVC
Right atrium (bypasses the right ventricle through the FORAMEN OVALE to left atrium
left ventricle
aorta

blood to body of fetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the pathway of blood from the fetus to the placenta

A

IVC and SVC

Right Atrium
Right ventricle
Pulmonary artery
AVOID LUNGS:
Ductus Arteriosus to aorta
umbilical arteries

placenta to be cleared by the patient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the function of chorionic villi?

A

Fingerlike projections that extend into the endometrium and obtain O2 and nutrients from maternal blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens

A
20
Q

What is the name of fraternal twins vs identical twins?

A

Dizygotic twins vs monozygotic twins

21
Q

Fraternal twins vs Identical twins

A

Fraternal twins : two ova produced at one time
Fertilized by separate sperm
2 chorions, amminons, placentas
higher in AA’s

Identical:
One fertilized ova
same sex and genetic material
10% LOWER SURVIVAL RATE

2 placentas and 2 amniotic sacs
(30% dichorionic, diamniotic)

2 amnion, one chorin (70% : monochorioni/ diamoniotic)

monochorinic and mono amniotic (1% _

22
Q

When does a multi-fetal pregnancy occur

A

When division occurs late and cleavage did not complete so conjoined twins occurs (typically around 10 days after fertilization, which is late)

23
Q

how to calculate naegles rule

A

(last menstrual period + 7 days) - 3 months + one year

24
Q

Talk about the respiratory system in a developing fetus. pulmonary surfactants, RDS

A

pulmonary surfactants are used to determine fetal lung maturity and their ability to function after birth

two biggest ones:
Leeithin (L) - MOST CRITICAL FOR LUNG EXPANSION

sphingomyelin (S) - remains constant

ratio: of L/S is 2:1 for a mature baby (35 weeks gestation)

RDS- alveoli collapse - decreased gas exchange – hypoxemia
- begins immediately after birth
- leads to death
signs and symptoms: grunting, increased respiratory rate , retracting muscles when trying to inhale and get oxygen

treat with steroids?

25
Q

What is isoimmunization?

A

A condition that happens when a pregnant woman’s blood protein is incompatible with the baby’s, causing her immune system to react and destroy the baby’s blood cells.

26
Q

Talk about Rh and ABO incompatibility

A

If the blood of a mother contains antibodies which do not suit the blood type of the baby, blood incompatibilities happen for the newborn. The blood of the mother is transfused to the fetus through umbilical cord, which breaks down the red blood cells in the infant.

27
Q

when does the hemapoiteic system develop

A

6 weeks

28
Q

when does the hepatic system develop? bile?

A

4 - 5 weeks

week 12

29
Q

Where does blood formation start? where does it get most of its blood supply??

A

in the fetal liver ; from the umbilical vein

30
Q

What does the liver metabolize?

A

Bilirubin

31
Q

What is bilirubin ? how does it relate to jaundice? why are infants so supsectible to jaundice?

A

a brownish yellow substance found in bile; it is produced when the liver breaks down old RBSs.
The pathway for a newborn is not at an adult level and the placenta is the main route for its elimination
when bilirubin does not get released, it stores up in the liver, leading to jaundice

32
Q

When does the gastrointestinal system change shape? What are its three sections?

A

It changes from a straight line to a C-shpre during week 4

3 sections:

Foregut - produces pharynx, lower respiratory tract, esophagus, stomach, 1ST half of duodenum, gall bladder
(UPPER HALF TO MIDDLE)

Midgut - becomes distal half of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum , appendix, proximal half of colon

Hindgut - Forms distal half of colon , rectum, anal canal, bladder, urethra

33
Q

What is there to note about fetal waste products are the fetus nears term

A

products collect in the intestines as dark green/ black meconium (mec)

34
Q

Talk about the renal system, when does it major organs form and function? what is important to note about urine in the uterus

A

Kidneys form by week 5
Begins to function at week 9

fetal urine contributes to amniotic fluid volume after 23 weeks

35
Q

How early does the neurological system develop? Why is this importantly related to folic acid?

A

3 weeks after fertilization

nerve fibers traverse body by the end of week 8

This why folic acid is important to take pre conception because it affects fetal neural development

36
Q

What happens during week 11-12 in relation to the CNS

A

during week 11-12 the fetus:
makes respiratory movement
moves extremities
changes positions
sucks their limb
swims in the amniotic fluid

37
Q

What happens to the endocrine system? When do the relating organs develop? When does insulin produce?

A

Thyroid: 3 - 4 week
Adrenal cortex : week 6

produces hormones by: week 8-9
(more cortisol produces as fetus nears term)

Pancreas: week 5 -8
Insulin produced by week 20
Islets of Langerhans develop week 1?

38
Q

What are the implications if the mom has hypothyroidism or is diabetic ?

A

Pregnant women with autoimmune (subclinical) hypothyroidism have an increased risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

which increases the risk of premature delivery and PROM at term, and has certain influence on the intellectual development and psychomotor development of infants

39
Q

What are the Islets of Langerhans?

A

A pancreatic cell that produces hormones (e.g., insulin and glucagon) that are secreted into the bloodstream

40
Q

When does sex differentiation begin? distinguishing characteristics?

A

week 9 ; week 9 characteristic start, complete by week 12

XY - male
XX- female

41
Q

When do bones and muscles develop?

A

week 4

42
Q

What are the soft spots of the infants skull?

A

Anterior fontanels- closes 15 - 18 months

Posterior fontanels- closes 3 - 6 months

43
Q

Talk about the integumentary system

A

*Skin thins and wrinkles with visible blood vessel say week 17

when born: Vernes : cheesy substance that naturally moisturizes the baby

*the more creases on the foot, the older the age

*hair covers body by week 20
(nugol) - helps body maintain heat

*nails form by week 10

44
Q

Talk about the antibodies involved in the immunologic system

A

IgG - passively acquired immunity from the mother, ONLY one that crosses the placenta

IgM - Fetus produces by itself at the end of the 1st trimester

45
Q

What is colostrum? What antibody is present?

A

The first human milk that a person produces (liquid gold) ;
IgA - helps prevent GI problems

Woman and Infants (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions