Conception and Fetal Development Flashcards
exam 2
presumptive sign of pregnancy
can presume it may be due to pregnancy
-is subjective
probable sign of pregnancy
probably due to pregnancy but can be due to something else
-is objective
positive sign of pregnancy
diagnostic of pregnancy, can be due to nothing else other than a viable pregnancy
Chadwicks sign
bluish purple discoloration of vagina and cervix
chloasma
hyperpigmentation in the face (mask of pregnancy)
amenorrhea
absence of menstrual period
goodells sign
softening of cervix
quickening
fluttering, when you are first aware you are feeling something
usually at 20 weeks
ballottement
passive fetal movement caused by pushing up against cervix
practitioner feels rebound
heagars sign
softening of lower uterine segment
uterine souffle
hearing blood go through uterine vessels (alignment with moms HR)
funic souffle
hearing blood rushing through umbilical vein (alignment with baby HR)
presumptive signs of pregnancy
nausea
amenorrhea
urinary frequency
quickening
breast tenderness
probable signs of pregnancy
chadwicks sign
chloasma
goodells sign
+ pregnancy test
uterine souffle
uterine enlargement
abdominal striae
positive signs of pregnancy
fetal heartbeat
ultrasound visualization
palpable fetal movement
funic souffle
whartons jelly
protective substance in the umbilical cord, provides cushion around the umbilical vessels
umbilical vein
carries the oxygenated blood to the fetus
HCG
hormone that is the basis for pregnancy tests
Amniotic fluid
Protects the fetus from trauma
cardiovascular system
First embryonic system to function in baby
ductus venosus
shunts blood from the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava (bypassing fetal liver)
ductus arteriosus
Shunts blood from pulmonary artery to aorta (bypassing fetal lungs)
Foramen ovale
Shunts blood from the right atrium to the left atrium (bypassing the fetal lungs)
Pulmonary surfactant
substances produced by the fetus that reduce surface tension in the lungs to maintain the alveolar sacs open
meconium
end products of fetal metabolism
Pregnancy hormones
HCG
Progesterone
Estrogen
HPL
what is HCG produced by?
the zygote (cluster of cells)
HCG effects on pregnancy
keeps the corpus luteum alive
doubles every 48 hrs
*higher in doubles (twins), increased nasuea with doubles (twins)
what is progesterone produced by?
corpus luteum till 12 weeks, then produced by the placenta
progesterone effects on pregnancy
maintains endometirum
smooth muscle relaxant (uterus)
“the hormone of pregnancy” - needed for successful pregnancy
“hot hormone” of menstrual cycle
causes pyrosis
constipation
what is estrogen produced by?
corpus luteum until 12 weeks, then produced by the placenta
estrogen effects on pregnancy
stimulates growth
increases vascularity and perfusion
“cold hormone” in menstrual cycle
goodells sign
breast tenderness
change in taste/smell
bleeding gums
nose bleeds, nasal stuffiness
what is HPL (human placental lactogen) produced by?
zygote till 12 weeks, then produced by the placenta
HPL effects on pregnancy
lactation
increased metabolism, glucose metabolism
insulin antagonist
can cause gestational diabetes
umbilical cord
3 vessels
A- artery; carry waste from fetus to placenta
V- vein; oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus
A- artery; carry waste from fetus to placenta
fetal circulation
higher pressure from right to left
neonate circulation
higher from left to right
fetal circulation
placenta - umbilical vein - ductus venosus (bypass fetal liver) - inferior vena cava - right atrium SPLIT
right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - ductus arteriosus (bypass fetal lungs) - aorta - body
right atrium- foramen ovale (bypass fetal lungs) - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta - body
zygote
single cell with 23 chromosomes from both mother and father
46 total chromosomes
oligiohydramnios
too little amniotic fluid
less than 400 mL
hydramnios/ polyhydramnios
too much amniotic fluid
greater than 2000 mL
