Concept of Oxygenation: Respiratory Disorder Flashcards
Oxygen is supplied to, and carbon dioxide is removed from cells by way of the circulating blood
Oxygenation
Movement of air in and out of the airways, the exchange of air between the lungs and the atmosphere
Ventilation
Exchange of gas molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
Diffusion
The flow of blood from the heart through arteries and capillaries, delivering nutrients and oxygen to cells
Perfusion
A passageway for air to pass to and from the lungs, filters impurities and humidifies and warms the inhaled air, responsible for olfaction
Nose
A narrow vertical divider separating the right and left nasal cavities
Septum
Divides the nasal cavity into three passageways
Conchae
The external openings of the nasal cavity
Anterior nares (nostrils)
Is a highly vascular ciliated mucous membrane that lined the nasal cavity
Nasal mucosa
Aid to move back the mucus secreted by the goblet cells
Cilia
Cover the surface of the nasal mucosa
Goblet cells
Secrete mucin and create a protective mucus layer
Goblet cells
What stimulates the secretion of goblet cells?
Irritants in the airway such as dust and smoke
Spaces that are connected by a series of ducts that drain into the nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
What are the four paranasal sinuses
Frontal, Ethmoidal, Maxillary, Sphenoidal
Four pairs of bony cavities that are lined with nasal mucosa and ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Paranasal sinuses
Serve as a resonating chamber in speech and are a COMMON SITE FOR INFECTION
Paranasal sinuses
A passageway for the respiratory and digestive tracts
Pharynx
A tube-like structure that connects the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx
Pharynx
Three regions of the pharynx
Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx
Located posterior to the nose and above the soft palate
Nasopharynx
Houses the faucial/ palatine tonsils
Oropharynx
Extends from the hyoid bone to the cricoid cartilage
Laryngopharynx
Forms the entrance of the larynx, a valve flap of cartilage that covers the opening of the larynx during swallowing
Epiglottis
Are located in the roof of the nasopharynx
Adenoids or pharyngeal tonsils
Important links in the chain of lymph nodes guarding the body against invasion by organisms entering the throat and nose
Tonsils, the adenoids, and other lymphoid tissue
The opening between the vocal cords in the larynx
Glottis
The only complete cartilaginous ring in the larynx
Cricoid cartilage
Used in vocal cord movement with the thyroid cartilage
Arytenoid cartilage
A cartilaginous epithelium-lined structure that connects the pharynx and the trachea, the major function is vocalization, protects the lower airway from foreign substances, facilitates coughing
Larynx
Composed of smooth muscle with c- shaped rings of cartilage at regular intervals, serves as the passageway between the larynx and the bronchi
Trachea
Give firmness to the wall of the trachea, preventing it from collapsing
Cartilaginous rings (tracheal cartilages)
Paired elastic structures enclosed in the thoracic cage
Lungs
Movement of the walls of the thoracic cage and the diaphragm that increase and decrease the capacity of the chest
Ventilation
Occurs during the first third of the respiratory cycle; The capacity of the chest is increased, air enters through the trachea because of the lowered pressure within and inflates the lungs
Inspiration
Occurs during the latter two thirds; The chest wall and the diaphragm return to their previous positions, the lungs recoil and force the air out through the bronchi and trachea
Expiration
TRUE OR FALSE. The inspiratory phase of respiration normally requires energy
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE. The expiratory phase of respiration is normally passive.
TRUE
Is a serous membrane that wraps the outside of the lungs
Pleura
Pleura that covers the lungs
Visceral pleura
Pleura that lines the thorax
Parietal pleura
Found between the visceral and parietal membranes that lubricate the thorax and lungs
Pleural fluid
In the middle of the thorax, between the pleural sacs that contain the two lungs. It extends from the sternum to the vertebral column and contains all the thoracic tissue outside the lung
Mediastinum
How many lobes are there on each lung
3 on the right, 2 on the left
Name the fissure/s on each lung
Horizontal and oblique on the right, Oblique only on the left
Discuss the several divisions of bronchi within each lobe of the lung
Main bronchi—Lobar bronchi (3 on R, 2 on L)–Segmental bronchi (10 on R, 8 on L)–Subsegmental bronchi–Bronchioles
Where gas exchange happens
Alveoli
How many alveoli are there?
300 million
Three types of alveolar cells
Type I epithelial cells
Type II metabolically active
Type III macrophages
Type of alveolar cells; form the alveolar walls
Type I epithelial cells
Type of alveolar cells; secrete surfactant
Type II metabolically active
A phospholipid that lines the inner surface and prevents alveolar collapse
Surfactant
Large phagocytic cells that ingest foreign matter; act as an important defense mechanism
Type III macrophages
Discuss how gas exchange happens
Air that enters our mouth or nose passes through the trachea to the lungs— bronchi—alveoli (where gas exchange happens). They absorb oxygen from the inhaled air into the bloodstream and pass carbon dioxide, which is expelled from the body when you exhale.
Composition of the air we breath
Nitrogen- 78.82
Oxygen- 20.84
Carbon dioxide- 0.04
Water vapor- 0.05
The pressure exerted by each type of gas in a mixture of gasses
Partial pressure
Oxygen is carried in the blood in two forms:
As physically dissolved oxygen in the plasma
In combination with the hemoglobin of the red blood cells
