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Medical- Surgical > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

A hollow, muscular organ located in the center of the thorax, where it occupies the space between the lungs and rests on the diaphragm

A

Heart

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2
Q

How much does the heart weigh?

A

300 g (10.6 oz)

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3
Q

The chambers of the heart become smaller as the blood is ejected

A

Systole (contraction of the muscle)

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4
Q

The heart chambers fill with blood in preparation for the subsequent ejection

A

Diastole (relaxation of the muscle)

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5
Q

Normal resting adult heart beat/rate

A

60- 80 bpm

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6
Q

On average, how much blood does each ventricle eject per beat?

A

70 mL per beat

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7
Q

How much blood does each ventricle eject per minute?

A

5 L per minute

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8
Q

Four major functions of the cardiovascular system

A
  • To transport nutrients, gases, waste products
  • To protect the body from infection and blood loss
  • Thermoregulation
  • To mainatain fluid balance
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9
Q

Three layers of the heart

A

Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium

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10
Q

The inner layer of the heart; consists of endothelial tissue and lines the inside of the heart and valves

A

Endocardium

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11
Q

The middle layer of the heart; made up of muscle fibers and responsible for the pumping action

A

Myocardium

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12
Q

Outer layer of the heart; visceral layer of the serous pericardium, made up of mesothelial cells

A

Epicardium

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13
Q

A thin, fibrous sac where the heart is enclosed

A

Pericardium

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14
Q

Two layers of the pericardium

A

Visceral and parietal

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15
Q

Layer of pericardium that is closest to the heart

A

Visceral pericardium

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16
Q

Layer of the pericardium that is a tough, fibrous tissue that attaches to the great vessels, diaphragm, sternum, and vertebral column and supports the heart in the mediastinum

A

Parietal pericardium

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17
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart

A

Right and left atrium

Right and left ventricle

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18
Q

2 chambers of the heart that distributes venous blood (deoxygenated blood) to the lungs via the pulmonary artery for oxygenation

A

Right atrium and right ventricle

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19
Q

Receives blood returning from the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus

A

Right atrium

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20
Q

2 chambers of the heart that distributes oxygenated blood to the remainder of the body via the aorta

A

Left atrium and left ventricle

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21
Q

Receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary circulation via the pulmonary veins

A

Left atrium

22
Q

What are the 2 types of valves?

A

Atrioventricular and semilunar

23
Q

How many valves are there and what are those?

A

Four; Tricuspid valve, Bicuspid valve, Pulmonic valve, Aortic valve

24
Q

The valves that separate the atria from the ventricles

A

Atrioventricular valves

25
Q

Separates the right atrium from the right ventricle

A

Tricuspid valve

26
Q

Lies between the left atrium and the left ventricle

A

Mitral/Bicuspid valve

27
Q

Valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

A

Pulmonic valve

28
Q

The valve between the left ventricle and the aorta

A

Aortic valve

29
Q

Details about the cardiac muscle

A

Microscopically, myocardial muscles look like skeletal muscles, but it functions like a smooth muscle because its contraction is involuntary

30
Q

The interconnected manner of arrangement of the myocardial muscle fibers

A

Syncytium

31
Q

3 physiologic characteristics of the cardiac conduction cells

A

Automaticity
Conductivity
Excitability

32
Q

Ability to initiate an electrical impulse

A

Automaticity

33
Q

Ability to respond to an electrical impulse

A

Excitability

34
Q

Ability to transmit an electrical impulse from one cell to another

A

Conductivity

35
Q

The pacemaker of the heart

A

Sinoatrial node/ SA node

36
Q

2 nodes of the heart

A

Sinoatrial and atrioventricular

37
Q

The boundary between the right atrium and left ventricle, where the electrical signal cannot pass through

A

Atrioventricular septum

38
Q

Specialized tissue which transmit the electrical charge to the heart muscle from the ventricles

A

Purkinje fibers

39
Q

Explain the conduction system

A

SA node–AV node–Bundle of His–Right and Left bundle branch–Purkinje fibers

40
Q

The blood circulates into the body’s systems, bringing oxygen to all it’s organs and collecting carbon dioxide

A

Systemic loop

41
Q

The blood circulates to and from the lungs to release the carbon dioxide and pick up new oxygen

A

Pulmonary loop

42
Q

Explain how the blood circulates

A

–

43
Q

The amount of blood that is pumped by each ventricle per minute

A

Cardiac output

44
Q

Degree of stretch of the cardiac muscle fibers at the end of the diastole

A

Preload

45
Q

The period when filling volume in the ventricles is the highest and the degree of stretch is greatest

A

End of diastole

46
Q

The stress in the wall of the left ventricle during ejection or the amount of resistance to ejection of blood to the ventricle

A

Afterload

47
Q

Resistance of the systemic BP to left ventricular ejection

A

Systemic vascular resistance

48
Q

The resistance of the pulmonary BP to right ventricular ejection

A

Pulmonary vascular resistance

49
Q

The force generated by the contracting myocardium under any given condition, represents the innate ability of the heart muscle to contract

A

Contractility

50
Q

TRUE OR FALSE. Contractility is enhanced by circulating catecholamine’s, sympathetic neuronal activity, and certain medications

A

TRUE

51
Q

TRUE OR FALSE. Increased contractility results in increased stroke volume

A

TRUE

Medical- Surgical (8 decks)

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