Cardiovascular Flashcards by Mikaella Conde

A hollow, muscular organ located in the center of the thorax, where it occupies the space between the lungs and rests on the diaphragm

Heart

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How much does the heart weigh?

300 g (10.6 oz)

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The chambers of the heart become smaller as the blood is ejected

Systole (contraction of the muscle)

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The heart chambers fill with blood in preparation for the subsequent ejection

Diastole (relaxation of the muscle)

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Normal resting adult heart beat/rate

60- 80 bpm

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On average, how much blood does each ventricle eject per beat?

70 mL per beat

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How much blood does each ventricle eject per minute?

5 L per minute

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Four major functions of the cardiovascular system

To transport nutrients, gases, waste products
To protect the body from infection and blood loss
Thermoregulation
To mainatain fluid balance

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Three layers of the heart

Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium

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The inner layer of the heart; consists of endothelial tissue and lines the inside of the heart and valves

Endocardium

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The middle layer of the heart; made up of muscle fibers and responsible for the pumping action

Myocardium

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Outer layer of the heart; visceral layer of the serous pericardium, made up of mesothelial cells

Epicardium

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A thin, fibrous sac where the heart is enclosed

Pericardium

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Two layers of the pericardium

Visceral and parietal

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Layer of pericardium that is closest to the heart

Visceral pericardium

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Layer of the pericardium that is a tough, fibrous tissue that attaches to the great vessels, diaphragm, sternum, and vertebral column and supports the heart in the mediastinum

Parietal pericardium

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What are the 4 chambers of the heart

Right and left atrium

Right and left ventricle

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2 chambers of the heart that distributes venous blood (deoxygenated blood) to the lungs via the pulmonary artery for oxygenation

Right atrium and right ventricle

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Receives blood returning from the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus

Right atrium

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2 chambers of the heart that distributes oxygenated blood to the remainder of the body via the aorta

Left atrium and left ventricle

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Receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary circulation via the pulmonary veins

Left atrium

What are the 2 types of valves?

Atrioventricular and semilunar

How many valves are there and what are those?

Four; Tricuspid valve, Bicuspid valve, Pulmonic valve, Aortic valve

The valves that separate the atria from the ventricles

Atrioventricular valves

Separates the right atrium from the right ventricle

Tricuspid valve

Lies between the left atrium and the left ventricle

Mitral/Bicuspid valve

Valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

Pulmonic valve

The valve between the left ventricle and the aorta

Aortic valve

Details about the cardiac muscle

Microscopically, myocardial muscles look like skeletal muscles, but it functions like a smooth muscle because its contraction is involuntary

The interconnected manner of arrangement of the myocardial muscle fibers

Syncytium

3 physiologic characteristics of the cardiac conduction cells

Automaticity Conductivity Excitability

Ability to initiate an electrical impulse

Automaticity

Ability to respond to an electrical impulse

Excitability

Ability to transmit an electrical impulse from one cell to another

Conductivity

The pacemaker of the heart

Sinoatrial node/ SA node

2 nodes of the heart

Sinoatrial and atrioventricular

The boundary between the right atrium and left ventricle, where the electrical signal cannot pass through

Atrioventricular septum

Specialized tissue which transmit the electrical charge to the heart muscle from the ventricles

Purkinje fibers

Explain the conduction system

SA node--AV node--Bundle of His--Right and Left bundle branch--Purkinje fibers

The blood circulates into the body's systems, bringing oxygen to all it's organs and collecting carbon dioxide

Systemic loop

The blood circulates to and from the lungs to release the carbon dioxide and pick up new oxygen

Pulmonary loop

Explain how the blood circulates

The amount of blood that is pumped by each ventricle per minute

Cardiac output

Degree of stretch of the cardiac muscle fibers at the end of the diastole

Preload

The period when filling volume in the ventricles is the highest and the degree of stretch is greatest

End of diastole

The stress in the wall of the left ventricle during ejection or the amount of resistance to ejection of blood to the ventricle

Afterload

Resistance of the systemic BP to left ventricular ejection

Systemic vascular resistance

The resistance of the pulmonary BP to right ventricular ejection

Pulmonary vascular resistance

The force generated by the contracting myocardium under any given condition, represents the innate ability of the heart muscle to contract

Contractility

TRUE OR FALSE. Contractility is enhanced by circulating catecholamine's, sympathetic neuronal activity, and certain medications

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE. Increased contractility results in increased stroke volume

TRUE