Concept of Nursing Flashcards
Nursing Metaparadigm
Canadian Nursing History
Early Beginnings (1639)
- Began at Hotel-Dieu de Québec, the first hospital.
- Used herbal remedies for illnesses like cholera and smallpox.
- Indigenous peoples had advanced healthcare systems pre-colonization.
Canadian Nursing History
Late 1800s - Early 1900s
Florence Nightingale’s Influence:
- Revolutionized nursing with a focus on sanitation and education.
- Canadian nursing education was shaped by the British system (Nightingale) and French Canadian religious communities.
Canadian Nursing History
Modern Nursing Education
- Originated in nursing sisterhoods and hospital-based schools.
- Now provided in colleges and universities, emphasizing gender balance and diversity to reflect Canada’s population.
Nursing
A dynamic, caring, and helping relationship aimed at assisting clients to achieve and maintain optimal health (CNA, 1987).
Themes in Nursing Practices
- Caring: Central to nursing.
- Art and Science: Combines empathy with evidence-based practice.
- Person-Centered: Focus on individual needs.
- Holistic: Addresses physical, emotional, social, and spiritual health.
- Adaptive: Responds to diverse needs and environments.
- Helping Profession: Promotes health and supports recovery.
Nurse theorists
Florence Nightingale
- Focus: Environment as vital for health and healing.
- Promoted clean living areas, fresh air, and natural light to improve health outcomes.
Nurse theorists
Sister Callista Roy
- View: Clients are biopsychosocial beings adapting to changing environments.
- Health: The ability to interact with and adapt to environmental changes.
Nurse theorists
Jean Watson
- View: Individuals as interconnected mind, body, and spirit within nature and the universe.
- Health: Unity of mind, body, and spirit; focuses on holistic care.
- Nursing Role: Caring beyond physical illness treatment.
Nurse theorists
Madeleine Leininger
- Health: A culturally defined state of well-being and ability to manage daily life.
- Focus: Emphasizes incorporating cultural values and practices into healthcare.
Philosophy of Nursing Science
- Explores the human experience, environment, health, and nursing profession.
- Grounded in core values of respect, empathy, and ethical practice.
Values and Ethics in Nursing:
- Guided by Nursing values + ethical principles like the CNO Code of Conduct.
- Shape nurses’ approach to patient care, decision-making, and professional responsibilities.
Ways of Knowing in Nursing
- Silence: Accepts knowledge without questioning.
- Received Knowing: Relies on authority for guidance.
- Subjective Knowing: Reflects on knowledge’s personal relevance.
-Procedural Knowing: Critically evaluates knowledge.
- Constructed Knowing: Challenges and critically applies knowledge.
=> Goal: Progress to constructed knowing for adaptive, critical thinking.
Professional Patterns of Knowing
- Empirical: Research-based, evidence-driven knowledge
- Ethical: Guided by moral principles and professional codes.
- Personal: Derived from lived experiences and self-awareness
- Aesthetic: Understanding through empathy and creativity
=> Balance all forms of knowing for holistic, patient-centered care.
Phases of the Helping Relationship
Preinteraction:
- Prepare to meet clients by reviewing medical history.
Orientation:
- Build trust, establish rapport, and set mutual care goals.
Working:
- Collaborate to achieve goals, provide care, and adjust plans as needed.
Termination:
- Summarize progress, discuss follow-up, and ensure client comfort with independence.
Key Considerations for Nursing Indigenous Patients
- Worldviews: Respect holistic, interconnected health perspectives, differ from the Western biomedical model.
- Traditional Practices: Recognize + Respect + Collaborate with Indigenous medicines and healers.
- Historical Trauma: Be mindful of colonization’s health impacts.
- Cultural Safety: Provide respectful, culturally aligned care.
- Indigenous Knowledge: Integrate traditional healing into nursing.
=> Goal: Build trust, dismantle barriers, and provide holistic, culturally responsive care.
Illness Narratives
Personal stories of a patient’s health journey, including emotions and perspectives.
Benefits of Illness Narratives for Nursing Practice
- Holistic Care: Provides deeper insights for personalized care.
- Better Communication: Strengthens relationships and care planning.
- Uncover Needs: Reveals psychosocial and cultural needs.
- Healing: Helps patients find meaning and emotional relief.
- Guided Interventions: Informs tailored, effective nursing care.
Community Health Nursing
Focuses on promoting health and well-being for entire communities.
Primary Health Care Nursing
The first point of contact of patients in healthcare, providing promotion, prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation services.
How Community Health Nursing CONNECT with Primary Health Care Nursing
- Population Focus: Both Address health needs of populations.
- Health Promotion: Collaborate on prevention and healthy behaviors.
- Holistic Care: Both consider social, cultural, and environmental factors impacting health.
- Collaboration: Community nurses work with interprofessional teams, including doctors and social workers.
- Access: Community nurses Link individuals to primary care services.
Scope of Practice for Practical Nurses
Practical nurses deliver patient-centered care within their scope and professional standards.
Scope of Practice for Practical Nurses
Institutional Settings (Hospitals, Long-term Care)
- Direct Care: Medications, vitals, daily activities.
- Care Coordination: Develop care plans with teams.
- Education: Teach health and self-care.
- Medication Management: Administer and document safely
Scope of Practice for Practical Nurses
Community-Based Settings (Home Care, Public Health)
- Health Promotion: Educate on wellness and prevention.
- Care Coordination: Support transitions between settings.
- Advocacy: Ensure access to care.
- Collaboration: Partner with providers and organizations.
Nursing Care Models
Traditional
- Focus: Task-oriented, nurse-directed care.
- Key Features:
+ Independent work with minimal collaboration.
+ Fragmented care; each nurse manages their own patients.
+ Limited autonomy in decisions and care planning.
Nursing Care Models
Collaborative
- Focus: Team-based, patient-centered care.
- Key Features:
+ Shared decision-making and care planning.
+ Open communication for continuity of care.
+ Expanded nursing roles with greater autonomy.
+ Holistic care for individual needs.
Intraprofessional Collaboration (Within Nursing)
- Cooperation among nurses (e.g., RNs, LPNs, nurse practitioners, assistants).
- Key Aspects:
+ Shared decision-making.
+ Open communication.
Mutual respect for roles.
+ Coordinated care plans.
+ Peer support and mentorship.
=> Goal: Use nursing expertise for high-quality care.
Interprofessional Collaboration (Across Professions)
- Definition: Teamwork among healthcare professionals (e.g., nurses, doctors, pharmacists, social workers).
- Key Elements:
+ Shared goals and patient focus.
+ Effective communication and respect for expertise.
+ Collaborative problem-solving and coordinated care.
=> Goal: Provide comprehensive, holistic, and effective patient care.
Collaborative Practice Attributes
- Communication: Open, respectful dialogue with active listening.
- Mutual Respect: Value each team member’s expertise.
- Shared Decisions: Collaborate on care decisions.
- Role Clarity: Understand roles for seamless coordination.
- Patient-Centeredness: Focus on patient needs and outcomes.
- Conflict Resolution: Use constructive strategies for disagreements.
Healthcare Team Roles
- Nurses: Care, educate, and advocate.
- Physicians: Diagnose, treat, and oversee care.
- Pharmacists: Manage and counsel on medications.
- Social Workers: Support transitions and connect to resources.
- Therapists: Rehabilitate and promote independence.
=> Key Point: Collaboration ensures quality care.
Unregulated Care Providers (UCP)
- Varied education levels and programs.
- Not bound by specific Practice Standards.
Ex: Health care aides, PSWs, unit aides.
=> Responsible for carrying out delegated task from nurses
Nurses’ Responsibilities with (UCPs)
- Communication: Clearly explain care plans and tasks.
- Delegation: Assign tasks based on competence and needs.
- Supervision: Monitor performance for safety.
- Assessment: Evaluate patient needs and changes.
- Documentation: Record care and instructions.
- Advocacy: Ensure UCPs work within their scope.
Delegation Checklist for Nurses
- Communicate: Provide clear task instructions.
- Assess: Evaluate the client’s condition and needs.
- Ensure Safety: Weigh risks and benefits of delegation.
- Match Task: Align task with UCP’s skills and scope.
- Verify Skills: Confirm UCP’s competence.
- Provide Resources: Ensure tools and materials are available.
- Supervise: Monitor and give feedback.
