Concept of Man, Health and Illness Flashcards
A bipedal primate mammal (homo sapiens) that is anatomically related to the
great apes but distinguished especially by notable development of the brain with a resultant capacity for articulate speech and abstract reasoning, is usually
considered to form a variable number of freely interbreeding races, and is the sole living representative of the hominid family
MAN
DIMENSIONS OF
INDIVIDUALITY includes:
- Person’s total character
- Self-identity
- Person’s Perceptions
encompasses behaviors, emotional state, attitudes, values, motives, abilities, habits and appearances
Person’s total character
encompasses perception of self separate and distinct entity alone and in
interactions with others
Self-identity
CONCEPT OF INDIVIDUAL HEALTH
- Each individual is a unique being who is different from every other human being, with a different combination of genetics, life experiences, and environmental interactions.
- When providing care, we need to focus on the client within both a total care and an individualized care context.
encompasses the way the person interprets the environment and situation, directly affecting how he or she thinks, feels and acts in any given situation.
Person’s Perceptions
THE 4 ATTRIBUTES OF HUMAN BEING
- The capacity to think or
conceptualize on the abstract
level - Family formation
- The tendency to seek and
maintain territory - The ability to use verbal
symbols as language, a
means of developing and
maintaining culture
MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF BASIC HUMAN NEEDS
Physiological
Safety
Love/Belonging
Esteem
Self-Actualization
Self-Transcendence
THE FUNDAMENTAL NEEDS OF MAN (14)
BREATH
FOOD AND DRINK
ELIMINATION
MOVE/MAINTAIN POSTURE
SLEEP AND REST
CLOTHING
MAINTAINING INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
KEEPING SELF CLEAN
AVOIDING DANGER
COMMUNICATION
WORSHIP
WORK
PLAY
LEARN
a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 1945)
HEALTH
CHARACTERISTICS OF BASIC HUMAN NEEDS
- People meet their own needs relative to their own priorities.
- Although basic needs generally must be met, some needs can be deferred.
- Failure to meet needs results in one or more homeostatic imbalances, which can eventually result in illness.
- A need can make itself felt by either external or internal stimuli.
- A person who perceives a need can respond in several ways to meet it.
- Needs are interrelated.
A condition or quality of the human organism expressing
adequate functioning in given conditions, genetic or
environmental
HEALTH
Different Concepts of Health
- Bio-medical (Absence of disease)
- Ecological Concept (Human adaptation to natural
environments) - Psychosocial Concept (Health is both a biological
and social phenomenon) - Holistic Concept (Recognizes the strength of
social, economic, political and
environmental influence on
health)
is a holistic integration of physical, mental,
and spiritual well-being, fueling the body, engaging
the mind, and nurturing the spirit
WELLNESS
encompasses 8 mutually interdependent
dimensions: physical, intellectual, emotional, social, spiritual, vocational, financial, and environmental
WELLNESS
Wellness encompasses 8 mutually interdependent
dimensions such as:
physical
intellectual
emotional
environmental
financial
social
spiritual
vocational
________ refers to the way that your body functions. It is caring for your body to
stay healthy now and in the future.
Physical Dimension
_______ is the quality of your relationships with friends, family, teachers,
and others you are in contact with.
Social Dimension
______ is keeping your air and water clean, your food safe, and the land around
you enjoyable and safe.
Environmental Dimension
This includes eating right, getting regular exercise, and being at your recommended body weight. It is also avoiding drugs and alcohol and being free of disease and sickness
Physical Dimension
Maintaining healthy relationships, enjoying
being with others, developing friendships and
intimate relations, caring about others, and
letting others care about you is referring to _______
Social Dimension
It also means contributing to your community
Social Dimension
Understanding how your social, natural and
built environments affect your health and
well-being.
Environmental Dimension
Being aware of the unstable state of the earth
and the effects of your daily habits on the physical environment
Environmental Dimension
Demonstrating commitment to a healthy planet
Environmental Dimension
This refers to expressing your emotions in a
positive, nondestructive way, accept your
limitations, achieving emotional stability.
Emotional Dimension
Appreciating the feelings of others, managing your emotions in a constructive way, and feeling positive and enthusiastic about your life refers to ______
Emotional Dimension
Understanding and respecting your feelings, values and attitudes
Emotional Dimension
It refers to maintaining harmonious relationships with other living things and having spiritual direction and purpose. This includes
living according to one’s ethics, morals, and values.
Spiritual Dimension
This refers to finding purpose, value and meaning in your life with or without organized religion.
Spiritual Dimension
Participating in activities that are consistent with your beliefs and values is an example of ____________
Spiritual Dimension
It is the ability to recognize reality and cope with the demands of daily life.
Intellectual / Mental Dimension
Expanding knowledge and skills while discovering
the potential for sharing your gifts with others refers to _______
Intellectual / Mental Dimension
Growing intellectually, maintaining curiosity about
all there is to learn, valuing lifelong learning and
responding positively to intellectual challenges refers to ______
Intellectual / Mental Dimension
It refers to the ability to get personal fulfillment from jobs or chosen career fields while still maintaining the
balance in life.
Occupational Dimension
Preparing for and participating in work that
provides personal satisfaction and life enrichment that is consistent with your values, goals and lifestyle refers to _______
Occupational Dimension
Contributing your unique gifts, skills and talents to
work that is personally meaningful and rewarding refers to ________
Occupational Dimension
Managing your resources to live within your means, making informed financial decisions and investments, setting realistic goals, and
preparing for short-term and long-term needs or emergencies
Financial Dimension
The unhealthy condition of body or mind
Sickness
Is a state of social dysfunction. Likes to remain away from social activities
Sickness
Being aware that everyone’s financial values, needs, and circumstances are unique
Financial Dimension
Is the external and public mode of unhealth. It is a social role, a status, a
negotiated position in the world, a bargain struck between the person and a society which is prepared to recognize and sustain the person
Sickness
Is a subjective state of person who feels aware of not being well with evident
signs and symptoms
Illness
Is a feeling, an experience of unhealth which is entirely personal, interior to the
person of the patient. Often it accompanies disease, but the disease may be undeclared, as in the early stages of cancer or tuberculosis or diabetes.
Sometimes illness exists where no disease can be found
Illness
Is maladjustment (physiological/psychological of the human being to its
environment)
Disease
The quality which identifies _______ is some deviation from a biological norm.
Disease
Is a pathological process, most often physical as in throat infection, or cancer of
the bronchus, sometimes undetermined in origin, as in schizophrenia.
Disease
Sickness is the inability to perform one’s work
Role Performance Model
Narrowest interpretation of health; opposite of
health is ________
disease or injury
The absence of signs and symptoms of disease
indicates ________
health
Illness would be the presence of conspicuous ______ of disease
signs and symptoms
_____ would be the presence of conspicuous signs and symptoms of disease
Illness
This model is basis for work and school physical examination and physician-excused absences
Role Performance Model
Health is based on the ability to fulfill societal roles.
Role Performance Model
Health is a creative process refers to what kind of model?
Adaptive Model
This model includes work, family and societal roles with performance based on societal expectations
Role Performance Model
The sick role, in which people can be excused from performing their
social roles while they are ill, is a vital component of the role performance model
Role Performance Model
Illness would be the future to perform a person’s role at the level of others in society.
Role Performance Model
Extreme good health is flexible adaptation
to the environment refers to what kind of model?
Adaptive Model
Disease is a failure in adaptation or maladaptation refers to what kind of model?
Adaptive Model
Focus is stability is what kind of model?
Adaptive Model
The aim of treatment is to restore the ability of the person to adapt is what kind of model?
Adaptive Model
This model states that
Illness is reflected by a denervation (resection or removal of the nerves to an
organ or part) or languishing (feeble, weak), a wasting away, or lack of
involvement with life
Eudemonistic Model
This model states that health is seen as a condition of actualization or realization of a person’s
potential while illness is a condition that prevents self-actualization.
Eudemonistic Model
This model states that: Ecological model: when the 3 variables (agent-host-environment) are in balance, health is maintained;
when variables are not in balance, disease occurs.
Agent-Host-Environment Model
This model states that the Term indicates a model that embodies (symbolize) the interaction and
interrelationships between the physical, social, psychological and spiritual
aspects of life and the environment.
Eudemonistic Model
This model states that: The triad consists of an external agent, a susceptible host, and an environment that brings the host and agent together.
Agent-Host-Environment Model
This model states that: Disease results from the interaction between the agent and the susceptible host in an environment that supports transmission of the agent from a source to that host.
Agent-Host-Environment Model
Precursors of Illness
—Heredity
—Behavioral Factors
—Environmental Factors
Is a personal state in which the person feels unhealthy. The Physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental or spiritual functioning is diminished or impaired compared with previous experience
Illness
______ is an alteration in body functions resulting in reduction of capacities or a
shortening of the normal life span
Disease
A definable pathologic state that progresses directly to disease without a known intermediate step, and whose presence substantially increases the likelihood of disease
Precursors of Illness
This is a type of Precursors of Illness where many health conditions run in families. They can be passed from parents to their children.
Heredity
Some type of cancers, Cystic fibrosis, High cholesterol, Muscular dystrophy, Birth defects like spina bifida or a cleft lip or palate are some examples of ______
Heredity
The health behaviors of the person may increase the risk of a disease. Examples are:
alcohol use, injection drug
use (needles), unprotected sex, and smoking
Behavioral Factors
A number of __________ influence the spread of communicable diseases that are prone to cause epidemics.
environmental factors
The most important environmental factors are:
water supply
sanitation facilities
Food
climate
STAGES OF ILLNESS
- Symptom Experience
- Assumption of Sick Role
- Medical Care Contract
- Dependent Patient Role
- Recovery / Rehabilitation
It is a stage of illness where:
— Transition stage
— The person believes something is wrong
— Experiences some symptoms (physical, cognitive, emotional)
Symptom Experience
HOST FACTORS OF
TRIAD OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
- age
- religion
- practices
- gender/sex
- nationality
It is a stage of illness where: A person seeks advise of health professionals for the following reasons:
1. Validation of real illness
2. Explanation of symptoms
3. Reassurance or prediction of outcome
Medical Care Contract
It is a stage of illness where:—Acceptance of the illness
—Seeks advice, support for decision to give up some
activities
Assumption of Sick Role
It is a stage of illness where:—Becomes dependent to health professionals
—Accepts/rejects health professional’s suggestions
—Becomes more passive and accepting
—May regress to an earlier behavioral stage
Dependent Patient Role
ASPECTS OF SICK ROLE
— One is not held responsible for his condition— One is excused from social roles
— One is obliged to get well as soon as possible
— One is obliged to seek for competent help
It is a stage of illness where: Gives up the sick role and returns to former roles and
functions
Recovery / Rehabilitation
Is any situation, habit, social or environmental condition, physiological psychological condition, developmental or intellectual condition, or
spiritual or other variable that increases the vulnerability of an
individual or group to an illness or accident
RISK FACTORS
RISK FACTORS OF A
DISEASE
—Genetic and physiological factors
—Age
—Environment
—Lifestyle
AGENT FACTORS OF
TRIAD OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
- Biological
- Nutritional
- Physical
- Chemical
- Mechanical
- Hereditary
- Social
CLASSIFICATION OF FACTORS OF TRIAD OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
- AGENT FACTORS
- HOST FACTORS
- ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
refers to the proportion of exposed persons who become infected
INFECTIVITY
refers to the proportion of infected individuals who develop clinically apparent disease
PATHOGENICITY
refers to the proportion of clinically apparent cases that are severe or fatal
VIRULENCE
actions aimed at eradicating, eliminating or minimizing the impact of disease and disability. The concept of this is best defined in the
context of levels, traditionally called primary,
secondary and tertiary prevention
DISEASE PREVENTION
LEVELS OF PREVENTION
- PRIMORDIAL PREVENTION
- PRIMARY PREVENTION
- SECONDARY PREVENTION
- TERTIARY PREVENTION
what level of prevention is to prevent the development of risk factors
PRIMORDIAL PREVENTION
what level of prevention manage the risk factors. Prevent the onset of disease
PRIMARY PREVENTION
what level of prevention is early diagnosis and prompt treatment
SECONDARY PREVENTION
A situation when there is a high incidence of new cases of a specific disease in
excess of the expected.
Epidemic
what level of prevention reduce complication and disability
TERTIARY PREVENTION
global occurrence of a disease, bigger population
Pandemic
When the proportion of the susceptible are high compared to the proportion of the immunes.
Epidemic
causative factor is constantly available or present to the area
Endemic
Habitual presence of a disease in a given geographic location
accounting for the low number of both immunes and susceptible.
Endemic
—disease occurs every now and then affecting only a small number of people relative to the total population
—intermittent
—on and off
Sporadic
Types of Immunity
- PASSIVE
- ACTIVE
a type of immunity that is quick to come, quick to go
PASSIVE
a type of passive immunity that is antibodies received from in water or from mothers when breast feeding
NATURAL
a type of immunity that is slow to come, slow to go
ACTIVE
a type of passive immunity that is antibodies received from a medicine.
Examples: serum globulin, antiserum, antitoxin
ARTIFICIAL
a type of active immunity that is antibodies developed in response to an infection and getting the disease itself
Natural active
a type of active immunity that is antibodies developed in response to vaccination. Example: tetanus toxoid
Artificial
A man belonging to a particular category such as:
by birth, residence, membership or
occupation
