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Concentration Techniques Flashcards

1
Q

Highly n204 mended in cases of light infection that may have yielded a negative direct Fecal smear reading

A

concentration Techniques

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2
Q

Design to separate parasites from excess fecal debris

A

concentration Techniques

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3
Q

2 Methods of Concentration Techniques

A

Floatation Techniques and sedimentation Techniques

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4
Q

Surface of the preparation

A

Floatation Techniques

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5
Q

Reagent Flotation Technique

A

higher SG ( 1.18 - 1.20)

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6
Q

Types of Flotation Techniques

A

zinc sulfate, magnesium sulfate, brine, sugar

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7
Q

Bottom of the preparation/sediment

A

Sedimentation Technique

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8
Q

Reagent for sedimentation Technique

A

lower SG

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9
Q

cleaner preparation

A

Flotation Techniques

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10
Q

Ideal for NEMATODE EGGS

A

Flotation Techniques

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11
Q

Useful for small operculated trematode eggs

A

Flotation Techniques

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12
Q

Examples of small operculated trematode eggs

A

Opisthorchis
Clonorchis
Heterophyids

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13
Q

This technique will make larger eggs to not float

A

Flotation Techniques

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14
Q

Examples of large eggs that will not float on Flotation Techniques

A

Fasciola & Fasciolopsis

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15
Q

Exposure of parasites to high SG will cause

A

distortion and shrinkage of protozoan cysts & thin-walled helminth eggs

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16
Q

Principle of Flotation Techniques

A

Parasites have lower SG than the reagent and will therefore float to the surface of the preparation

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17
Q

Can recover protozoan cysts

A

Zinc Sulfate Flotation Technique

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18
Q

original Zinc sulfate flotation procedure was developed by

A

Faust in 1938

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19
Q

original Zinc sulfate flotation procedure was developed by Faust in 1938 for the recovery of

A

both helminth eggs and larvae & protozoan cyst

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20
Q

Most wide used reagent or the main reagent for zinc sulfate Flotation Technique

A

33% ZnSO4

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21
Q

procedure in flotation techniques

A
  1. Transfer about 0.5 teaspoon of stool to a test tube containing 1-2ml of water and comminute thoroughly then fill the tube to within 2-3 mm of the top with water. If solid, about 1 gram of stool is thoroughly mixed with 10 ml distilled water. Then transfer suspension to 15 ml conical tube.
  2. Centrifuge sample at 1500-2500 rpm for 1 minute. Discard the supernatant.
  3. Add 1-3 ml zinc sulfate to resuspend the sediment.
  4. Fill the tube within 2-3 mm of the rim with additional zinc sulfate.
  5. Centrifuge again at 1500-2500 rpm for 1 minute.
  6. Pipette 1 drop from the surface of the preparation or get a loopful of the sample from the surface and place on a clean labeled slide and cover with a coverslip.
  7. Scan the entire coverslip.
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22
Q

What to do if sample contains a large amount of fecal materials

A

wash sediments with water

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23
Q

How to report the helminths in zinc sulfate flotation techniques for positive

A

of eggs parasite name/ coverslip (report separately for mixed infection)

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24
Q

How to report the helminths in zinc sulfate flotation techniques for negative

A

no ova seen

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25
Q

How to report for protozoan cysts in zinc sulfate flotation techniques if positive

A

Positive for parasite name & stage

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26
Q

How to report for protozoan cysts in zinc sulfate flotation techniques if negative

A

None seen

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27
Q

Sugar boiled in phenol

A

Sheather’s Sugar Flotation Technique

28
Q

Best for the recovery of coccidian oocysts

A

Sheather’s Sugar Flotation Technique

29
Q

Procedures for Sheather’s Sugar Flotation Technique

A
  1. Soften 1gm of feces wvith water to a soft
  2. Strain the aqueous suspension through a wire sieve.
  3. Mix 1 part aqueous suspension wvith 2 partof Sheathers
    sugar solution.
  4. Pour into a centrifuge tube, centrifigation 1500 rpm for
    10 minutes.
  5. Pour the supernatant into a meniscus and add a sufficient
    solution to bring the meniscus to the top
  6. Place a coverslip and wait for 10 minutes.
  7. Examine under microscope.
30
Q

Uses saturated table salt solution

A

Brine Flotation

31
Q

Advantage of Brine Flotation

A

Low cost and simple

32
Q

Disadvantage of Brine Flotation

A

a. Helminth eggs of Hookworm and Schistosomabecome badly shrunken
b. Not useful for operculated eggs like Clonorchis, Opisthorchis & Heterophyids

33
Q

In Saturated salt solution for Brine Flotation, how much grams for NaCl powder

34
Q

In Saturated salt solution for Brine Flotation, how much ml of distilled water

35
Q

Steps for brine flotation

A
  1. Label vial & slide.
  2. Fill vial with brine half-full.
  3. Place half a gram of stool in a vial.
  4. Mix the specimens thoroughly to make a homogenous suspension.
  5. Slowly add more brine solution up to the brim of the vial.
  6. Carefully lower a cover slip on top of the vial and leave it there for 10-15 mins.
  7. After 15 minutes, lift the coverslip squarely and place on a glass slide and examine the entire coverslip under the microscope.
36
Q

what is the way of reportingfo r Brine that is positive

A

of eggs parasite name/ coverslip

37
Q

Reporting for Brine for negative

A

no ova seen

38
Q

These method use the high specific gravity of a sotutiop
float the lighter ova and cyst. They can be improved by
centrifugation.

A

Flotation technique

39
Q

Advantage for flotation technique

A

Easy to perform

40
Q

Disadvantage for flotation technique

A

• Delay in examination can result in distortion.
• Larvae and some fluke eggs do not concentrate.
• Frequent checking of specific gravity.

41
Q

Types of sedimentation Techniques

A
  1. Simple Gravity Sedimentation Technique
  2. Acid Ether Concentration Technique (AECT)
  3. Formalin Ether Concentration Technique
  4. MIFECT – Merthiolate Iodine Formalin Ether Concentration Technique
42
Q

stool + tap water -> mix -> allow parasites to settle down by gravity

A

Simple Gravity

43
Q

Less equipment & reagents needed

A

Simple Gravity

44
Q

Store sediments – add 10% formalin

A

Simple Gravity

45
Q

Schistosoma eggs will hatch – add ___ (prevent hatching)

46
Q

Schistosoma eggs will hatch – add NSS (prevent hatching)

A

Simple gravity

47
Q

Hasten sedimentation – add ___

48
Q

Advantages of Simple Gravity

A
  1. Minimal use of glassware, equipment & reagent
  2. Useful in cases of Schistosoma & Strongyloides infections
  3. Sediments are useful for study & future references
  4. Allows settling of cysts, eggs and larvae
49
Q

Disadvantage of Simple Gravity

A
  1. Time consuming
  2. Lots of fecal debris in the sediments
50
Q

Also known as Ritchie’s Method/406 MGL (Medical General Laboratory) Method

51
Q

Can be performed on formalin- preserved or PVA-preserved stool

52
Q

Reagents for FECT

A

– 10% Formalin – fixative/preservative
– Ether – dissolve neutral fats

53
Q

fixative/preservative for FECT

A

10% formalin

54
Q

Procedures for FECT

55
Q

for Flotation Technique:
How much teaspoon of stool is added to
the test tube containing 1-2 ml of water

A

0.5 teaspoon of stool

56
Q

for Flotation Technique:
How many gram of stool is added if it is solid

A

1 gram of stool

57
Q

for zin sulfate flotation technique:

Centrifuge the sample at

A

1500-2500 rpm for 1 minute

58
Q

for zin sulfate flotation technique:
Add ____ml zinc sulfate to resuspend the sedime

59
Q

Size of the stool for FECT

A

size of a thumb or marble

60
Q

How many layers of gauze to strain
the fecal suspension in FECT

61
Q

How much RPM is needed to centrifuge The sample in the FECT

62
Q

what to do or
add when you ar after the unscrewing parasep

A

6.0 ml of Fixative
1 drop of superfactant

63
Q

surfactant
for Miri Parasep

A

Apacor Triton X solution

64
Q

Advantages Of FECT

A

useful in the recovery of helminth eggs and protozoan cystscan be done on formalin-preserved and PVApreserved stoolssediments from FECT can be stored for a long period of time

65
Q

Disadvantages
OF FECT

A

Loss of parasite in plug of debris2. Ether is flammable & explosive ethyl acetate (less efficient)

PARASITOLOGY (5 decks)

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