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Fancy > Computer Science Glossary (70 words) > Flashcards

Computer Science Glossary (70 words) Flashcards

1
Q

AI

A
  • Artificial Intelligence
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2
Q

ASCII full form

A
  • American Standard Code for Information Interchange
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3
Q

What is ASCII?

A
  • It is a character encoding standard for electronic communication.
  • It is a 7 bit code for characters, thus can be stored in a single byte.
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4
Q

Algorithm

A
  • A set of detailed instructions for accomplishing a task that after execution will terminate.
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5
Q

Analog

A
  • The audio signal from a microphone is analog.
  • It is measured in continuous values.
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6
Q

Application

A
  • A runnable program that provides some service.
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7
Q

Argument

A
  • One of the pieces of data provided as input to a procedure of function through the call to the procedure or function.
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8
Q

Assignment

A
  • The process of setting and storing a value to a specific variable name.
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9
Q

Bandwith

A
  • The volume of information that can be transmitted or processed.
  • Usually measured in bits or bytes per time unit (e.g. bits per second).
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10
Q

Binary

A
  • The base 2 number system, that denotes a power of 2.
  • Integers can be encoded in binary in a string of 1s and 0s.
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11
Q

Bit

A
  • A singular binary digit.
  • It is the smallest unit of information that can be represented by one of the two possible states (0 or 1).
  • Often denoted as a ‘b’.
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12
Q

Block

A
  • A collection of statement that can be grouped together to be treated as one statement.
  • Generally the only “entry” into a block of code is at the top of the code.
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13
Q

Boolean

A
  • A data type that can either hold ‘True’ or ‘False’ value.
  • It can also refer to a type of expression, for example the expression x > 6 is Boolean.
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14
Q

Byte

A
  • 8 bits.
  • Often denoted as a ‘B’.
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15
Q

Call

A
  • A statement in a programming language that starts or invokes a procedure or function.
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16
Q

CPU

A
  • Central Procession Unit.
  • Where computer instructions are executed.
  • Handles a range of processing tasks.
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17
Q

CPU intensive

A
  • A program that spends most of its time running on the CPU with a disproportionately small amount of time waiting for data from memory.
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18
Q

Cache

A
  • Memory used to speed memory access.
  • It stores data that is anticipated to be used next or was just used (to be used again).
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19
Q

Card

A
  • A circuit board which can be plugged into your computer motherboard, that adds a certain function to the computer.
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20
Q

Character

A
  • A single letter or symbol that is represented by a small set of bytes in a computer.
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21
Q

Chip

A
  • An integrated electronic circuit generally thousands up to billions of components such a transistors and capacitors that perform complex functions such as addressable memory, CPU, I/O functions.
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22
Q

Clock

A
  • The internal ‘drummer’ of heartbeat that keeps CPU activities across the chip and across the motherboard in sync.
  • Often measured in MHz, or GHz.
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23
Q

Comment

A
  • Comments are important in programs as they are nonexecuting lines of code that are used to explain lines of code in plain text.
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24
Q

Compiler

A
  • A program for translating a program written in one language into code that can be understood and executed by a computer.
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25
Q

Computer Science

A
  • The study of process, data, and computation.
26
Q

Control Structure

A
  • Code of statements that change the order of executed.
  • For example, am if-statement only conditionally executes code, while a lop may perform a section of code repeatedly.
27
Q

Encryption

A
  • To use a code to tender data unintelligible.
  • An encryption key is data that when supplied to an encryption program and the original data can encrypt data.
  • A decryption key can decrypt data and recover the original data, when supplied to a decryption program with the encrypted data.
  • These two keys are often the same.
28
Q

Executable

A
  • A file that can be executed by the operating system.
29
Q

Expression

A
  • A language construct that can be sued to produce a value.
30
Q

File

A
  • A single block of information allocated by an operating system for retention beyond the execution time of any program.
31
Q

Floating Point Number

A
  • A number with a decimal in it, such as 3.141592653589.
32
Q

GPU

A
  • Graphical Processing Unit, it is a CPU that processes instructions specifically targeted at graphics processing.
  • It is highly parallel with hundreds to thousands of simple cores.
  • Especially useful for games and simulation programming.
33
Q

What does HSB or HSV stand for?

A

Hue, Saturation, Brightness/Value

34
Q

HSB or HSV

A
  • A way of specifying a colour by giving the amount of each of three contributing factors to make the colour.
  • Hue is the colour in the colour wheel, saturation is the amount of colour vs white, value is how bright the colour is, or distance from black.
35
Q

Hexadecimal

A
  • The base 16 number system that denotes a power of 16.
36
Q

High Level Languages

A
  • A language that is NOT similar to the one that runs on the hardware and that deals with more complex data types and control structures than the hardware.
  • Closer to English than machine code, easier to read and understand.
  • Examples include C, C++, Python.
37
Q

I/O

A
  • Input and Output
38
Q

IDE

A
  • Integrated Development Environment
  • A software tool to help you write software, such as Microsoft Visual Code Studio.
39
Q

Kilo

A
  • A prefix for a thousand, as in a kilobyte.
40
Q

Logic Error

A
  • A semantic (language) error, where there isn’t a problem with the syntax of code, so it compiles, but rather a flaw in how the program works.
41
Q

Machine Instructions

A
  • The instructions executed by a CPU.
  • The bit level instructions of a computer.
42
Q

Mega

A
  • A prefix for a million, as in a megabyte.
43
Q

Memory

A
  • Addressable storage for the retrieval and storage of bytes of data.
  • The term memory generally refers to the memory that is not inside the CPU.
44
Q

Nano

A
  • A prefix for a billionth, as in a nanosecond.
45
Q

Nanosecond

A
  • A billionth of a second.
46
Q

Octal

A
  • The base number 8 number system, which is often used to express binary in shorter strings.
  • Counting to ten using two octal symbols: 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 10, 11, 12
47
Q

Operating System

A
  • The program that runs on the computer hardware creating information objects such as files and processes.
  • It assures the fair and secure allocation of processor time, access to files, and other recourses.
  • Account and access control of data is commonly provided, giving it privacy/security.
48
Q

Packet

A
  • A unit of information into which data is broken up for transmission in a network by other means.
  • For example, a stream or file of data would be broken up into packets and set separately across the internet.
49
Q

Peripheral

A
  • A physical device used by a computer that is not part of the physical box containing the CPU and memory.
  • For example, a printer.
50
Q

Peta

A
  • A prefix for a quadrillion, as in a petabyte.
51
Q

Port

A
  • A physical socket on a computer for attaching the computer to external devices such as a printer or a router.
52
Q

Powers of Two

A
  • A number that is the product of 2 multiplied together a certain number of times. (2^n)
  • The first few are: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256
53
Q

Program

A
  • A program is a set of instructions that a computer follows in order to perform a particular task, which is essentially an implementation of an algorithm.
54
Q

Protocol

A
  • A standard for communication between pieces of hardware of between pieces of software that allows information and/or commands to be exchanged.
55
Q

RAM

A
  • Random Access Memory
  • Generally refers to the memory that is not in the CPU, and is not a disk.
  • It is volatile, and is used to temporarily store current instructions and data for currently open programs, during execution amongst other things.
56
Q

Router

A
  • A networking devices that forwards data packets between computer networks and may also be used to connect computers to a network.
57
Q

Syntax

A
  • The grammar for a programming language
58
Q

Syntax Error

A
  • Making a grammatical error in the program, such as a typo, insertion, deletion, or misuse of an element of the language.
59
Q

Tera

A
  • A prefix for a trillion, as in a terbyte.
60
Q

Threat

A
  • A ‘lightweight’ subunit of the execution of a process that can run in parallel with other threads in the process.
  • It is a way to have parts of a process run simultaneously.
61
Q

Type

A
  • The kind of data that can be stored or referred to and has a specific set of operations that apply to it (e.g addition for number types like float, integer).
  • Main types are integer, boolean, float.
62
Q

Unicode

A
  • A method for encoding a string of symbols such a bits, similar to ASCII.
  • However Unicode uses more bits, hence it can represent more characters.
  • This set of schemes can be used to represent nearly every symbol in all language, including complex ones such as mandarin.

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