Computer related Flashcards
program analysis
program analysis help decision-makers to sharpen their judgements about program choices.
The most important element in program analysis involves the development of alternatives and the definition of objectives or criteria
Magnetic-core memory
Magnetic-core memory was the predominant form of random-access computer memory for 20 years between about 1955 and 1975.
- wikipedia
magnetic disc memory
The best memory system in a situation where large capacity and low unit cost are more important than access speed.
A magnetic disk is a storage device that uses a magnetization process to write, rewrite and access data. It is covered with a magnetic coating and stores data in the form of tracks, spots and sectors. Hard disks, zip disks and floppy disks are common examples of magnetic disks.
via techopedia.com
Magnetic drum memory
Drum memory was a magnetic data storage device invented by Gustav Tauschek in 1932 in Austria.[1][2] Drums were widely used in the 1950s and into the 1960s as computer memory.
- wikipedia
Interactive programming
Interactive programming is the procedure of writing parts of a program while it is already active.
an extreme opposite to batch processing, where neither writing the program nor its use happens in an interactive way.
also called conversational programming.
Sensitivity analysis
to test the impact of alternative assumptions (book)
Sensitivity analysis is the study of how the uncertainty in the output of a mathematical model or system (numerical or otherwise) can be apportioned to different sources of uncertainty in its inputs. - Wikipedia
Risk analysis
the difference between sensitivity analysis and risk analysis is that risk analysis includes an estimate of probabilities of different values of input factors
Amortized cost
Amortized cost is that accumulated portion of the recorded cost of a fixed asset that has been charged to expense through either depreciation or amortization.
via accountingtools.com
The Cohort Survival Projection Method
In this method, net migration within cohorts is assumed to be zero
The Cohort Survival Projection Method is a simple method for forecasting what the future population will be based upon the survival of the existing population and the births that will occur.
www.sjsu.edu
marginal cost
the cost added by producing one additional unit of a product or service.
dictionary.com
marginal benefit
A marginal benefit is an additional satisfaction or utility that a person receives from consuming an additional unit of a good or service. A person’s marginal benefit is the maximum amount he is willing to pay to consume that additional unit of a good or service.
investopedia.com
t-test
t-test is appropriate to the situation that a comparison between two correlated means obtained from a small sample. (book)
t-test is appropriate to the situation that a comparison between two uncorrelated means obtained from small samples. (book)
The t-test is any statistical hypothesis test in which the test statistic follows a Student’s t-distribution under the null hypothesis.
A t-test is most commonly applied when the test statistic would follow a normal distribution if the value of a scaling term in the test statistic were known.
The t-test can be used, for example, to determine if two sets of data are significantly different from each other.
wikipedia
analysis of variance
analysis of variance is a statistical test that is appropriate to the situation that a comparison of three or more means are made. (book)
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a collection of statistical models and their associated estimation procedures (such as the “variation” among and between groups) used to analyze the differences among group means in a sample. - wikipedia
χ2 test (chi-squared test)
statistical test used to a comparison of the divergence of observed frequencies with those expected on the hypothesis of a normal distribution, and of equal probability of occurrence. (book)
A chi-squared test, also written as χ2 test, is any statistical hypothesis test where the sampling distribution of the test statistic is a chi-squared distribution when the null hypothesis is true. Without other qualification, ‘chi-squared test’ often is used as short for Pearson’s chi-squared test. - wikipedia
quasi-experimental design
example of a quasi-experimental design is a time-series design - model for evaluative research. (book)
A quasi-experiment is an empirical interventional study used to estimate the causal impact of an intervention on target population without random assignment.
wikipedia
time-series design
example of a quasi-experimental design is a time-series design - model for evaluative research. (book)
A variation of the pretest/posttest design, this design collects data over regular intervals of time and aims to assess an intervention/program before, during, and after it concludes.
cyfar.org
Descriptive research
Descriptive research methods are pretty much as they sound — they describe situations. They do not make accurate predictions, and they do not determine cause and effect. There are three main types of descriptive methods: observational methods, case-study methods and survey methods.
psychcentral.com
causal research
Causal research, also known as explanatory research is conducted in order to identify the extent and nature of cause-and-effect relationships.
via research-methodology.net
causal research might be used in a business environment to quantify the effect that a change to its present operations will have on its future production levels to assist in the business planning process.
via businessdictionary.com
use of predictive models and measures of deviation from predictions (book)
measurement procedure
measurement procedure is considered to be reliable to the extent that independent applications under similar conditions yield consistent results (book)
Stratified Random Sampling
Stratified random sampling is a method of sampling that involves the division of a population into smaller groups known as strata. In stratified random sampling, or stratification, the strata are formed based on members’ shared attributes or characteristics.
Stratified random sampling is also called proportional random sampling or quota random sampling.
investopedia.com
super agency
a large complex governmental agency especially when set up to supervise other agencies
canned program
A software package that provides a fixed solution to a problem. www.yourdictionary.com
Descriptive studies vs Causal studies
Descriptive studies are designed primarily to describe what is going on or what exists. Causal studies, which are also known as “experimental studies,” are designed to determine whether one or more variables causes or affects the value of other variables. sciencing.com
Four scales of measurement in statistics
Four scales of measurement are nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.
Nominal
Nominal: Categorical data and numbers that are simply used as identifiers or names represent a nominal scale of measurement.
Numbers on the back of a baseball jersey (St. Louis Cardinals 1 =Ozzie Smith) and your social security number are examples of nominal data. If I conduct a study and I’m including gender as a variable, I will code Female as 1 and Male as 2 or visa versa when I
enter my data into the computer. Thus, I am using the numbers 1 and 2 to represent categories of data
Ordinal
Ordinal: An ordinal scale of measurement represents an ordered series of relationships or rank order. Individuals competing in a contest may be fortunate to achieve first, second, or third place. First, second, and third place represent ordinal data. If Roscoe takes first
and Wilbur takes second, we do not know if the competition was close; we only know that Roscoe outperformed Wilbur. Likert-type scales (such as “On a scale of 1 to 10 with one being no pain and ten
being high pain, how much pain are you in today?”) also represent ordinal data. Fundamentally, these scales do not represent a measurable quantity. An individual may respond 8 to this question and be in less pain than someone else who responded 5. Therefore, Likert-type scales only represent a rank ordering.
Interval
Interval: A scale which represents quantity and has equal units but for which zero represents simply an additional point of measurement is an interval scale.
The Fahrenheit scale is a clear example of the interval scale of measurement. Thus, 60 degree Fahrenheit or -10 degrees Fahrenheit are interval data. Measurement
of Sea Level is another example of an interval scale. With each of these scales there is direct, measurable quantity with equality of units. In addition, zero does not represent the absolute lowest value. Rather, it is point on the scale with numbers both above and below it
(for example, -10 degrees Fahrenheit).
http://lsc.cornell.edu
Ratio
Ratio: The ratio scale of measurement is similar to the interval scale in that it also represents quantity and has equality of units. However, this scale also has an absolute zero (no numbers exist below the zero). Very often, physical measures will represent ratio data (for example, height and weight). If one is measuring the length of a piece of wood in centimeters, there is quantity, equal units, and that measure can not go below zero centimeters. A negative length is
not possible.
Stratified random sampling
Stratified random sampling is a method of sampling that involves the division of a population into smaller groups known as strata. investopedia.com
