Computer Ethics

Question 1

has special importance for the new groups of professionals emerging with computer technology

Answer 1

Computer Ethics

Question 2

have become the technological backbone of society. Their degree of complexity, range of applications, and sheer numbers continue to increase.

Answer 2

Computers

Question 3

He was a psychologist who had wide interests in the newly emerging computer technology.

Answer 3

J. C. R. LICKLIDER

Question 4

In ______, Licklider conceived of a ________ in which the powers of humans and computers were mutually enhancing

Answer 4

1960, human-computer symbiosis

Question 5

The breadth of Licklider’s vision, together with his administrative skills, led to his appointment a few years later as the director of the _______ of the U.S. Department of Defense.

Answer 5

Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)

Question 6

In _____, ARPA funded projects in universities and corporations that created an ARPA network called as _____.

Answer 6

1969, ARPANET

Question 7

1980’s. Some universities developed their own communications networks, and their eventual merging with _______ became the Internet, which is now a global network of networks, initially using the infrastructure of the telephone system and now carried by many telecommunication systems by wire, fiber, or wireless systems.

Answer 7

ARPANET

Question 8

In early 1990’s, the ____ was opened to business, e-mail, and other uses that continue to expand

Answer 8

Web

Question 9

One set of issues centers on _____ including control of obscene forms of pornography, hate speech, spam (unwanted commercial speech), and libel.

Answer 9

free speech

Question 10

It is pornography that is immoral or illegal in many countries, and is not protected in the United States by the First Amendment rights to free speech.

Answer 10

Obscene pornography

Question 11

Two types of control of pornography and hate speech have been attempted:

Answer 11

top-down control by governments, and bottom-up controls by individuals and groups in the marketplace.

Question 12

have been attempted by both Democrats and Republicans

Answer 12

Top-down controls

Question 13

For example, Congress passed the Communications Decency Act, signed by President Clinton in 1996, which forbade transmitting indecent and patently offensive material to minors.

Answer 13

top-down control by governments

Question 14

Parents who purchase blocking or filtering software .

Answer 14

bottom-up controls by individuals and groups

Question 15

In 1960’s and 1970’s, they became alarmed at the prospect that computers would concentrate power in a few centralize
bureaucracies of big government and big business.

Answer 15

Social critics

Question 16

In the early stages of _______, there were two good reasons for believing that computers would inevitably tend to centralize power.

Answer 16

computer development

Question 17

The development and proliferation of microcomputers changed all this.________ became increasingly powerful and economically competitive with larger models.

Answer 17

Small computers

Question 18

are powerful tools that do not by themselves generate power shifts

Answer 18

Computers

Question 19

Computers have led and will continue to lead to the elimination of some jobs

Answer 19

Job Elimination

Question 20

There are questions about the public accountability of businesses using computer-based services. It can be either very difficult or relatively simple for a consumer to notice and correct computer errors or computer printed errors.

Answer 20

Customer Relation

Question 21

In addition to computer hardware there is software, and programs can quite easily be biased, as can any form of communication or way of doing things.

Answer 21

Biased Software

Question 22

Programmed trading is the automatic, hands-off, computer trading of stocks, futures, and options on the stock market.

Answer 22

Stock Trading

Question 23

Military officials have often supported autonomous weapons that can be aimed and fired by onboard computers that make all necessary decisions, including enemy identification.

Answer 23

Military Weapons

Question 24

The most troublesome issues about property and computers fall under two general headings. The first is the use of computers in embezzlement and other forms of stealing money or financial assets.

Answer 24

Property

Question 25

It refers to a form of white-collar crime in which a person or entity misappropriates the assets entrusted to
them. In this type of fraud, the embezzler attains the assets lawfully and has the right to possess them, but the assets
are then used for unintended purposes.

Answer 25

Embezzlement

Question 26

It refers to information stored in a computer, whether the information expresses facts or falsehoods.

Answer 26

Data

Question 27

refers to programs that direct an electronic machine (hardware) to perform certain tasks, typically tasks involving problem solving.

Answer 27

Software

Question 28

Storage, retrieval, and transmission of information using computers as data processors has revolutionized communication.

Answer 28

Privacy

Question 29

Imagine that you are arrested for a serious crime you did not commit—for example, murder or grand theft. Records of the arrest, any subsequent criminal charges, and information about you gathered for the trial proceedings might be placed on computer tapes easily accessible to any law enforcement officer in the country.

Answer 29

Inappropriate Access

Question 30

minority of computer enthusiasts sometimes called “crackers

Answer 30

Hackers

Question 31

They sometimes employ a more extreme rationale in
defending their activities. They contend that all information
ought to be freely available, that no one should be allowed to own information.

Answer 31

Hackers

Question 32

The potential abuses of information about us are unlimited and become more likely with the proliferation of access to that information.

Answer 32

Legal Response

Question 33

The __________________extended this right of inspection and
error correction to federal government files. It also prohibited the
information contained in government files from being used for
purposes beyond those for which it was originally gathered unless
such use was explicitly agreed to by the person whose file it is.

Answer 33

Privacy Act of 1974

Question 34

Failures can occur because of errors in
hardware or software.

Answer 34

Computer Failure

Question 35

errors do not occur often, and
when they do they usually do so quite obviously.

Answer 35

Hardware errors

Question 36

Intel’s highly touted ______,introduced in 1993.

Answer 36

Pentium chip

Question 37

can occur because of faulty logic in the design formulation, or they can be introduced in coding the machine instructions

Answer 37

Errors

Question 38

A changeover to a new computer system should never
be attempted without having the old system still operational

Answer 38

Computer Implementation

Question 39

Engineers who supervise computer personnel or design computer terminals should check that ergonomic considerations are in effect.

Answer 39

Health Condition