Computer Ethics Flashcards
has special importance for the new groups of professionals emerging with computer technology
Computer Ethics
have become the technological backbone of society. Their degree of complexity, range of applications, and sheer numbers continue to increase.
Computers
He was a psychologist who had wide interests in the newly emerging computer technology.
J. C. R. LICKLIDER
In ______, Licklider conceived of a ________ in which the powers of humans and computers were mutually enhancing
1960, human-computer symbiosis
The breadth of Licklider’s vision, together with his administrative skills, led to his appointment a few years later as the director of the _______ of the U.S. Department of Defense.
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
In _____, ARPA funded projects in universities and corporations that created an ARPA network called as _____.
1969, ARPANET
1980’s. Some universities developed their own communications networks, and their eventual merging with _______ became the Internet, which is now a global network of networks, initially using the infrastructure of the telephone system and now carried by many telecommunication systems by wire, fiber, or wireless systems.
ARPANET
In early 1990’s, the ____ was opened to business, e-mail, and other uses that continue to expand
Web
One set of issues centers on _____ including control of obscene forms of pornography, hate speech, spam (unwanted commercial speech), and libel.
free speech
It is pornography that is immoral or illegal in many countries, and is not protected in the United States by the First Amendment rights to free speech.
Obscene pornography
Two types of control of pornography and hate speech have been attempted:
top-down control by governments, and bottom-up controls by individuals and groups in the marketplace.
have been attempted by both Democrats and Republicans
Top-down controls
For example, Congress passed the Communications Decency Act, signed by President Clinton in 1996, which forbade transmitting indecent and patently offensive material to minors.
top-down control by governments
Parents who purchase blocking or filtering software .
bottom-up controls by individuals and groups
In 1960’s and 1970’s, they became alarmed at the prospect that computers would concentrate power in a few centralize
bureaucracies of big government and big business.
Social critics
In the early stages of _______, there were two good reasons for believing that computers would inevitably tend to centralize power.
computer development
The development and proliferation of microcomputers changed all this.________ became increasingly powerful and economically competitive with larger models.
Small computers
are powerful tools that do not by themselves generate power shifts
Computers
Computers have led and will continue to lead to the elimination of some jobs
Job Elimination
There are questions about the public accountability of businesses using computer-based services. It can be either very difficult or relatively simple for a consumer to notice and correct computer errors or computer printed errors.
Customer Relation
In addition to computer hardware there is software, and programs can quite easily be biased, as can any form of communication or way of doing things.
Biased Software
Programmed trading is the automatic, hands-off, computer trading of stocks, futures, and options on the stock market.
Stock Trading
Military officials have often supported autonomous weapons that can be aimed and fired by onboard computers that make all necessary decisions, including enemy identification.
Military Weapons
The most troublesome issues about property and computers fall under two general headings. The first is the use of computers in embezzlement and other forms of stealing money or financial assets.
Property
