Compre CC Flashcards
Interfere with metabolic processes, when ingested, inhaled or absorbed through the skin. (Example: cyanide, sulfides)
Toxic substances
Capable of causing of cancer. (Example: benzidine, formaldehyde)
Carcinogens
Induce genetic mutations
Mutagens
Cause defect in embryo.
Teratogens
Causes fire.
Example: (acetone, xylene, alcohols, ether)
Ignitables
May cause explosion. Mixture of oxidizing agents and reducing agents generate heat and explode.
(Ex. Ether, perchloric acid, picric acid, sodium azide)
Reactives
Have ground, polarity an leakage checks and other periodic preventive maintenance performed on outlets and equipments.
Electrical
Danger of fire, explosion, asphyxiation, or mechanical injuries.
Compressed gases
Danger of fire, explosion, asphyxiation, pressure build-up, embrittlement of materials and tissue damage like thermal burns.
Cryogenic material
Refers to equipments such as centrifuge, autoclaves and homogenizers, laboratory glasswares, glass pipes.
Mechanicals
Refers to the effect of repeated manipulation of instruments, containers, equipments for repetitive stains such as tenpsynovitis, bursitis, and ganglion cyst
Ergonomic
Sterilizing only the air to be exhausted.
They have negative pressure.
Air is ventilated to the outside and operated with an open front.
Class I
Sterilizes air the flows over the infectious material as well as air to be exhausted.
Also known as vertical laminar flow type.
Class II
It is self contained and it has 70% air recirculated.
Class IIA
Exhaust the air is discharged outside the building.
It is selected if radioisotopes, toxic chemicals, or carcinogens will be used.
Class II B
Completely enclosed and have negative pressure.
It affords the most protection to the worker.
The air is coming in and out of the cabinet is filter sterilized.
Infectious material within is handled with rubber gloves that are attached and sealed to the cabinet.
Class III
Visible destruction of human tissue on contact.
Can cause injury on inhalation or contact.
Example: GAA, HCL, H2SO4, HNO3, NAOH
Corrosives
NFPA?
National Fire Protection Association
Ordinary combustibles: paper, cloth, wood, plastic, rubbish.
Fire extinguisher: Pressurize water, Dry chem basically, steam
Class A
Flammable liquids (inorganic chemicals), gasolines, paints
Fire extinguisher: dry chemicals, carbon dioxide, foam, halon
Class B
Electrical equipment and motor switches
Fire extinguisher: dry chemicals, carbon dioxide, halon - preferred
Class C
Combustible metals: mercury, magnesium, sodium, lithium
Fire extinguisher: metal x, sand or dry powder, dry chemical
Class D
Detonation (Arsenal fire)
Fire extinguisher: allowed to burn out, protecting surrounding area
Class E
Grease, oil, fats
Fire Extinguisher: liquid designed to prevent splashing and cool the fire.
Class K
Best type of all-purpose fire extinguisher
CO2 foam
Blue diamond
Health
Red diamond
Flammability
Yellow diamond
Instability
White diamond
Special hazards
All laboratory processes, policies, procedures, and resources needed to achieve quality testing.
Quality system
Process by which laboratory ensures the quality results by monitoring pre analytical, analytical, post analytical stages of testing.
Quality assessment/assurance
Part of analytical phase of QA
Process of monitoring results from samples to verify accuracy of patient results.
Quality control
Concerned with total quality management (TQM), quality assessment, or continuous quality improvement each of which is designed to monitor and improve the quality.
Internal Monitoring Programs
Are structured frameworks for ensuring the consistency in the quality of products and services to meet user or costumer needs.
Quality management system (QMS)
Characteristics of good quality control: CRILNN
Concentration of analytes reflects to the clinical range
Resembles to the human sample
Inexpensive and stable for long period of time
Long-term stability
No communicable diseases
No matrix effects
What are the possible solutions for QC problems? 4RPC
Retest the control again after mixing
Repeat the control using a new vial or lot number
Recalibrate the assay
Replace the reagents
Perform the necessary maintenance
Consult the troubleshooting guide, supervisor or service representative
The most commonly used
Often called as average
Mean
The middle point of the data
Often used with skewed data
Median
This is rarely used and more often used to describe data that seem to have two centers (bimodal)
Mode
Largest value in the data minus the smallest value
Range
Average distance of values away from the mean
Standard of Deviation
Standard deviation of the data set is divided by the mean
Coefficient of variance
Average distance of squared values away from the mean
Variance
Shows the distribution of values by plotting the assay values obtained in the x-axis and the number of times each value was seen in the y-axis.
Spread of data in which elements are distributed symmetrically around the mean with most values close to the center.
Gaussian distribution
Refers to the sharp rise to the cluster of values at peak of the curve and then the gradual tailing off to the higher values in the population.
Non-Gaussian distribution
Statistical test that makes no assumption about the distribution of data. Non-parametric methods rank the reference data in order of increasing size.
This is also the recommended analysis for the most reference range intervals.
Ex: Mann-Whitney test, Wilcoxon-Signed rank test, Krystal-Wallis test, Friedman test, Chi-square test, Spearman Rank of order correlation
Non parametric method
Statistical test that assumes the observed values, or some mathematical transformation of those values, follow (normal) Gaussian distribution.
Ex: T-test, F-test, ANOVA, Correlation, Linear Regression
Parametric methods
This most widely used chart in the clinical laboratory.
A graphic presentation of all acceptable limits of variation in the results of an analytical method
Shewhart/Levey-Jennings chart
Easily identifies random and systematic errors.
A graph that can be done without using a computer.
Shewhart/Levey-Jennings chart
Control the values that either increase or decrease for six consecutive days.
Trend
Control the values that distribute themselves on one side of the mean for six consecutive days.
Shift
Control the values that are far from the main set of values.
Outliers
Lines that drawn from the means of both levels across the graph dividing it into four equal quadrants.
Graphical method to analyze inter-laboratory data, where all laboratories have analyzed two samples.
The plot visualizes within the laboratory variability as well as between laboratory variability
Tonks-Youden/Twin plot
Calculates the algebraic difference between the QC and the target means
Common method is V-mask
Very sensitive to small persistent errors that commonly occur in the modern, low calibration-frequency analyzer
Cumulative Sum (CUSUM) graph
1 control value outside/exceeds +-2SD from the mean
12s
1 control value the outside/exceeds +-3SD from the mean.
13s
2 consecutive control values outside/exceed the same limit or +-2SD from the mean on the same side.
22s
2 consecutive control values differ by >4SD or the numerical difference between 2 control values within the same run exceeds 4SD
R4s
4 consecutive control values outside/exceed the same limit or +-1SD from the mean on the same side
41s
10 consecutive control on the same side of the mean
10x
Test that are very simple or pose no reasonable risk of harm to the patient if the test is performed incorrectly
Performed indicators: accuracy, precision, and portable range
Waived tests
Complex tests that require skill to perform and interpret and are therefore regulated.
Performance indicators: accuracy, precision, analytical sensitivity and specificity, reportable range
Non-waived tests
