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A-Level Chemistry > Compounds, Atoms and ions > Flashcards

Compounds, Atoms and ions Flashcards

1
Q

Define an atom

A

the smallest particle that can exist

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2
Q

Define a molecule

A

A group of atoms chemically bonded

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3
Q

Define an ion

A

An atom ore molecule that has lost or gained an electron , therefore has a net charge

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4
Q

Define a compound

A

More than one type of atom chemically combined

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5
Q

Define a mixture

A

More than one type of atom/molecule joined but not chemically bonded making them easily to seperate

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6
Q

Define an isotope

A

Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons - so the same atomic number but a different mass number

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7
Q

Define relative atomic mass

A

the weighted mean mass of an atom of an element compared with 1/12th the mas of an atom of carbon 12

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8
Q

Define relative isotopic mass

A

the mass of an atom of an isotope relative to 1/12th the mass of an atom of carbon 12

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9
Q

Give the equation for relative atomic mass

A 
                                                              100
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10
Q

Give the abbreviation, relative mass and relative charge of protons, neutrons and electrons

A

Proton = P+ 1 1+

Neutron = n 1 0

electron= e- 1/1836 1-

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11
Q

What is the atomic number of an element

A

the number of protons

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12
Q

What is the mass number of an element

A

number of protons and neutrons

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13
Q

What is a cation

A

positively charged ion

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14
Q

What is an anion

A

negatively charged ion

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15
Q

What atom is chosen as the standard for relative masses

A

Carbon 12

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16
Q

Describe the carbonate ion test with observations and an equation

A

Add an acid eg HNO3
observation = it efferveces as CO2 is produced

CO3 2- + 2H+ —-> CO2 + H2O

17
Q

What is a binary compound

A

Contains two elements only

18
Q

What is a diatomic molecule and give an example

A

molecules that come as pairs eg - O2, Cl2, F2, H2

19
Q

What are polyatomic ions and give some examples

A

ions containing more than one atom

eg NH4+ , OH-, NO2-

20
Q

Describe the test for carbonate ions using observations and an equation

A

Add nitric acid to sodium carbonate

observations : Efferveces as CO2 is produced

CO3 2- + 2H + ——> CO2 + H2O

21
Q

Describe the test for chloride ions using observations and an equation

A

Add silver nitrate to sodium chloride

Observations : Whit precipitate of AgCl forms

Ag+ + Cl- —-> AgCl

22
Q

Describe the test for Sulfate ions using observations and an equation

A

Add Barium nitrate to sodium sulfate

Observations : White precipitate of BaSO4 forms

Ba 2+ + SO4 2- —-> BaSO4

23
Q

Describe the test for ammonium ions using observations and an equation

A

Add sodium hydroxide to ammonia sulphate

Observations : The gas product (ammonia) will cause damp litmus paper to turn blue

NH4+ + OH- —-> NH3 + H2O

24
Q

What is the specific order you have to do the ion tests in

A

Carbonate ion test ( adding nitric acid)

Chloride test ( adding silver nitrate )

Sulfate test ( adding barium nitrate)

25
Q

Why do you have to do your ion tests in a specific order and use equations to explain why

A

Ba 2+ + CO3 2- —-> BaCO3

2Ag+ + CO3 2- —–> Ag2CO3

2Ag+ + SO4 2- —–> Ag2SO4

  • Because silver reacts with both carbonate ions and sulfate ions , both will form a white precipitate.
  • As a result you would be unsure which ions is present
26
Q

What is mass spectrometry used for

A

It is used to find the percentage abundance of isotopes within an element in order to calculate relative atomic mass

27
Q

Describe the process for fine the mass spectra of elements

A
  • sample of atoms are injected into inlet and bombarded by a beam of electrons which knocks an electron out of each outer shell leaving ions with a single positive charge
  • The ions then move into the acceleration area where they are accelerated by an electromagnetic field so they all have the same kinetic energy
  • They then pass through the drift region, the ions move with a speed inversely proportional to their mass ( the heavier ions move slow and the lighter ions move quickly)
  • ions then hit the ion detector. As it is struck, this detector produces an electrical current that is proportional to the abundance of the isotope and a graph is produced

A-Level Chemistry (4 decks)

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