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1. NAPLEX Prep > Compounding II > Flashcards

Compounding II Flashcards

1
Q

Equipment used for HDs should be

A

dedicated to HD and sanitized after use

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2
Q

Calibration of equipment

A

Equipment must be calibrated regularly to confirm accuracy

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3
Q

Metal spatulas should not be used with

A

metal ions

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4
Q

When measuring volume, select a device

A

that has a capacity equal to or slightly larger than the amount being measured to get the most accurate measurement

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5
Q

Measurements should be made in the

A

metric system

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6
Q

Graduated cylinder

A

Same diameter from the top to the bottom, provides more accurate measurements

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7
Q

Conical cylinders or beakers

A

Have wide mouths that make it easier to stir mixtures with a glass stirring rod.
The wider the mouth, the lower the accuracy

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8
Q

A graduated cylinder should not be used to measure volumes

A

less than 20% the graduates capacity

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9
Q

Parenteral syringes

A

hypodermic syringes

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10
Q

Syringes are most accurate for

A

measuring small volumes.
Especially useful for viscous liquids
If a patient requires a very accurate dose, should use a syringe

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11
Q

Luer locks

A

Make secure, leak free connections between syringes, catheters, and IV lines

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12
Q

Injection (hypodermic) syringes come with

A

cannulas (needles) attached

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13
Q

Choosing the correct syringe size

A

Do not use the exact syringe size needed. Select the closest syringe size above the one needed.

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14
Q

Pipettes

A

Thin plastic or glass tubes used to measure small volumes

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15
Q

Volumetric pipette

A

Draws up a set volume only, which is the volume that the pipette can hold.

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16
Q

Mohr pipette

A

Graduated and is used to measure different volumes

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17
Q

Class III Torsion balance

A

Also called class A balance
-Older type of balance
-Have to calculate minimum weighable quantity (MWQ)
-Have a sensitivity requirement
MWQ=SR/acceptable error rate (0.05 or 5%)

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18
Q

Electronic balance

A

-Called analytical balance or scale
-Top loading
-Simple to use and has a higher sensitivity

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19
Q

Glass mortars are used for

A

Liquids and mixing compounds that are oily or can stain

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20
Q

Wedgewood mortars

A

Have a rough surface and are preferred for grinding dry crystals and hard powders

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21
Q

Porcelain mortars

A

Have a smooth surface. Preferred for blending powders and pulverizing gummy consistencies

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22
Q

Spatulas

A

Used to mix and transfer ingredients.
The flat part can be used to flatten and grind down ingredients.
Stainless steel and plastic most common

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23
Q

Ointment slabs

A

Ingredients are mixed on the compounding/ointment slab
Can also be used to form pulls (pill tiles)
Disposable ointment slabs can be used as a work surface if the water content of the mixture will not cause the paper to tear

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24
Q

Powder sieves

A

Sifters similar to those used in baking.
Ensure a uniform particle size

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25
Q

Ointment mills

A

Draws ointment between rollers that grind and homogenize (make uniform) the ingredients

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26
Q

Homogenizers

A

Also called an electronic mortar and pestle
Can be used to mix ointments, creams, or other semi-solid preparations

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27
Q

Ointment mills and grinders

A

reduce the particle size, which increases the SA and rate of drug absorption

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28
Q

Electric mixing equipment

A

Ointment mill
Homogenizer
Grinder

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29
Q

Hot plate with magnetic stirrer

A

The stirrer has a rotating magnet under the ceramic plate, which causes the stir bar to spin.
Hot plates are used without the stir bar to heat only (a glass stirring rod can be used to mix manually)

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30
Q

Heating devices

A

-Water bath when temp needs to be carefully controlled

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31
Q

Soft delivery vehicles are often

A

dispensed in a disposable plastic mold.
Refrigeration helps it retain shape

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32
Q

Capsule shells are made from

A

Gelatin- pork derived
Hypromellose- plant derived

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33
Q

000 capsule size

A

largest

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34
Q

5 capsule size

A

smallest

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35
Q

Tube-sealers

A

heat and squeeze the ends of tubes shut. The end looks similar to the end of a toothpaste tube

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36
Q

Ingredients that are recommended for use in compounding will be listed in either

A

USP-NF
Food Chemicals Codex (FCC)

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37
Q

If ingredients are not manufactured at an FDA registered facility

A

a certificate of analysis (CoA) should be obtained that confirms the specifications and quality.

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38
Q

Expiration dates are important to

A

ensure that the product retains potency and is non-toxic

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39
Q

What do you do if an ingredient does not have an expiration date?

A

Assign a date that is no more than 3 years.
Label with the date of receipt and assigned expiration date.

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40
Q

Salad dressing chemistry

A

Quickly settles back into two distinct parts because the “tension” between the two surfaces is high.

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41
Q

Surfactants

A

Lower the tension between two surfaces and keep the phases from quickly separating

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42
Q

Surfactant does what?

A

Surfactant= surface acting agent
Lower the surface tension (interfacial tension) between two ingredients (or phases) to make them more miscible (easier to mix together)

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43
Q

Surfactants are amphiphilic

A

they have both a lipophilic and hydrophilic end

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44
Q

How do surfactants help ensure a consistent dose?

A

By ensuring that the drug is dispersed

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45
Q

Types of surfactants

A

Wetting agents
Emulsifiers
Suspending agents
Levigating agents
Foaming agents
Glycols and gels

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46
Q

Wetting agents

A

Surfactants
- Reduce the surface tension between a liquid and a solid
-Levigating agents can be referred to as wetting agents

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47
Q

Fine powder that will be incorporated into a suspension

A

Wetted with a wetting agent and stirred into a thick paste before being added

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48
Q

Emulsifiers

A

Surfactants
An emulsion is 2 or more liquids not blended together (immiscible).
Emulsifiers are added to keep the liquid droplets dispersed throughout the liquid vehicle.

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49
Q

Suspending agents

A

Surfactants
A suspension is a solid dispersed in a liquid
-Suspending agents are added to keep the solid parts from settling.
-Suspensions still must always be shaken to redisperse the solid particles.

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50
Q

A suspending agent can also be

A

Dispersants (Dispersing agents)
Plasticizer- makes the preparation easier to mold or shape

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51
Q

Levigating agents

A

Make particles smaller
Levigation uses a levigating agent (also called levigant) to aid in the grinding.

52
Q

Commonly used levigating agent for lipophilic (oil-soluble) compounds

A

Mineral oil

53
Q

Commonly used levigating agent for aqueous (water-soluble) compounds

A

Glycerin
Propylene glycol

54
Q

Foaming agent

A

Surfactant
-Helps foam to form (soap) by lowering the surface tension of water.

55
Q

Anti-foaming agent

A

Simethicone

56
Q

What agents are used as delivery vehicles and surfactants?

A

Polyethylene glycol (PEG)
Poloxamer (P in PLO gel)
Have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

57
Q

Poloxamer is useful for

A

Topical drug delivery

58
Q

Ora plus

A

Suspending agent
-Keeps particles suspended to prevent settling.
Ora-Sweet is added to provide flavor.

59
Q

Emulsion

A

Liquid in a liquid

60
Q

What must be considered when selecting the surfactant to use in an emulsion?

A

The hydrophilic-lipophilic balance
-Is the emulsion water in oil w/o or oil in water o/w?

61
Q

HLB

A

Scale from 0-20
Surfactants with a lower HLB (<10) are more lipid soluble, used for w/o emulsions
Surfactants with higher HLB (>10) are more water soluble, used for o/w emulsions

62
Q

What type of emulsion would PEG form (HLB value 11.4)

A

Oil in water (o/w)

63
Q

What type of emulsion would Span 65 be used for? HLA value 2.1

A

Water in oil (w/o)

64
Q

What type of emulsion would Tween 85 be used for? HLA 11

A

Oil in water (o/w)

65
Q

Stability

A

The extent to which a product retains throughout its period of storage and use (shelf life), the same properties

66
Q

What is a common cause of drug degradation

A

Reactions involving functional groups

67
Q

What three types of chemical reactions cause most drugs to become unstable and degrade?

A

Oxidation-Reduction
Hydrolysis
Photolysis

68
Q

Oxidation- reduction

A

Oxidation- loses electrons
Reduced- Gains electrons

69
Q

Color change with oxidation

A

Epinephrine becomes amber-colored (yellow/orangish)
Other compounds turn pink/reddish

70
Q

Carmelization

A

Oxidation reduction reaction
Alcohol functional group is oxidized and water is removed (evaporates)

71
Q

Which molecular structures are most likely to oxidize?

A

Hydroxyl (OH) bonded directly to aromatic ring

72
Q

How can oxidation be prevented?

A

Light protection
Adequate storage
Chelating agents
Antioxidants (free radical scavengers)
pH control

73
Q

Chelating agents

A

Used to chelate metal ions that have an unshared electron. These are free radicals that catalyze oxidation chain reactions.
Chelating agents prevent this reaction from occurring.
Example- agents with ED in them (EDTA, EDetate)

74
Q

Antioxidants inhibit

A

Free radicals, prevents oxidation
Example- ascorbic acid (vitamin C), tocopherols (vitamin E)

75
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Occurs when water causes the cleavage of a bone.
Dessicants are sometimes used to soak up any moisture that enters the container.

76
Q

Which compounds are likely to be hydrolyzed?

A

Ester- carbonyl group bonded to OR group
Amide- Carbonyl bonded to nitrogen
Lactam- beta lactam ring

77
Q

How should hydrolysis be prevented?

A

Protect from moisture
-Light protection
-Adsorbents/desiccants
-Lypophilized (freeze dried) powders
-Hygroscopic (water absorbing) salt
-Prodrug form
-Control temp and pH

78
Q

Hydrolysis occurs more rapidly at

A

higher temps

79
Q

Hydrolysis reaction prodrug

A

Aspirin is hydrolyzed into salicylic acid

80
Q

Photolysis

A

Many drugs are sensitive to UV light exposure. Need to be protected from light.

81
Q

Which compounds are likely to be degraded by light exposure?

A

Ascorbic acid
Nitroprusside
Phytonadione

82
Q

Buffers

A

Excipients that maintain the pH in adequate range

83
Q

Binders

A

Excipient
Allow the contents of a tablet to stick together.
Provide stability and strength

84
Q

Diluents and fillers for tablets/capsules

A

Lactose, mannitol, sorbitol
Starches
Calcium salts
Cellulose powder

85
Q

Diluents and fillers for topicals

A

Petrolatum
Mineral oil
Waxes

86
Q

Disintegrants

A

Oral products have to be dissolved to be absorbed in the small intestine
Alginates and cellulose- absorb water and cause the tablet to swell and release water

87
Q

Disintegrants examples

A

Alginic acid, cellulose
Polacrilin potassium
Starches

88
Q

Lubricants

A

Also called glidants
Improve powder flowability

89
Q

Lubricant examples

A

Magnesium stearate

90
Q

Preservatives should not be used in

A

neonates

91
Q

Preservative examples

A

Chlorhexidine
Povidone iodine
Sodium benzoate/benzoic acid, benzalkonium chloride
Sorbic acid/ potassium sorbate
Methyl/ethyl/propyl parabens
EDTA
Thimerosal
Cetylpyridinium chloride

92
Q

Buffers used to maintain acidic pH

A

HCL
Acetic acid
Citric acid

93
Q

Buffers used to maintain alkaline pH

A

Sodium hydroxide
Boric acid
Sodium bicarb

94
Q

Buffers used to maintain neutral pH

A

Sodium biphosphate
Potassium phosphate

95
Q

Ionized compounds are more

A

polar, which makes them more soluble

96
Q

Hydrophilic solvents

A

Water
Alcohol
Glycols

97
Q

Purified water

A

Has been treated
-distilation
-Deionization
-Reverse osmosis

98
Q

What type of water is used for reconstitiution?

A

Distilled

99
Q

Sterile water is free from

A

bacterial endotoxins (pyrogens)

100
Q

Alcohols have high _______with water

A

miscibility
They can be used to dissolve solutes that would be insoluble in water alone

101
Q

Benzyl alcohol is used as a

A

Solvent
Preservative
Fragrance

102
Q

Glycols

A

Polyethylene glycol (PEG)
-Surfactant, solvent, lubricant
Water soluble and water-miscsible

103
Q

When PEG is linked to a protein drug (pegylated)

A

increased half life

104
Q

Polybase

A

PEG mixture used as a suppository base.
It is a good emulsifier

105
Q

Mineral oil is the ingredient in

A

baby oil

106
Q

Emollient

A

Softens and soothes the skin
Moisturizers

107
Q

Occlusive ointments

A

Petroleum jelly (white petrolatum)
Theobroma oil (Cocoa butter)
Waxes

Form protective barrier to prevent the loss of water

108
Q

Humectants

A

Pull water from atmosphere to moisturize skin
-Glycerin, glycerol, PEG

109
Q

Ointments

A

0-20% water
80-100% oil
Best for extremely dru, thick skin

110
Q

Creams

A

Half oil and water
Best for normal and dry skin

111
Q

Lotions

A

Most water, best for oily skin

112
Q

Common ointments

A

Petrolatum
Polybase
Aquaphor
Aquabase

113
Q

Oleaginous ointments

A

Contain no water
-Vaseline
-White petrolatum

114
Q

Lotions have a small amount of

A

alcohol added to solubilize the ingredients

115
Q

Aqueous solutions of poloxamers are

A

liquid when refrigerated and form a gel at room temperature

116
Q

Gel examples

A

PLO gel
Poloxamers

117
Q

Suppository bases

A

Polybase
Cocoa butter
Hydrogenated vegetable oils
Gelatin

118
Q

Adsorbent examples

A

Magnesium oxide/carbonte
Kaolin

119
Q

Coatings examples

A

Shellac
Gelatin
Gluten

120
Q

Emulsifiers examples

A

Type of surfactant
-Acacia, PEG

121
Q

Enteric coating examples

A

Cellulose acetate phthalate

122
Q

Gelling (thickening) agent , stabilizer

A

Gelatin
Cellulose
Benzonite
Agar
Algintes
Gums- guar, xanthine, acacia
Carbomer
Starches
Poloxamer

123
Q

Humectant ex

A

Glycerin
Glycerol
Propylene glycol
PEG

124
Q

Wetting agents/Levigating agents examples

A

Mineral oil
Glycerin

125
Q

Aspartame should be avoided in

A

PKU
Contains phenylalanine

126
Q

Sorbitol should be avoided in

A

IBS

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