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haematology > components of the blood > Flashcards

components of the blood Flashcards

1
Q

blood is made up of what?

A

plasma - that contains red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. also contains lots of clotting factors e.g. fibrinogen

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2
Q

once clotting factors are removed from the blood what is left?

A
  • serum
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3
Q

what does serum contain?

A
  • glucose
  • electrolytes e.g. sodium and potassium
  • proteins e.g. immunoglobulins and hormones
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4
Q

blood cells develop in what?

A
  • bone marrow
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5
Q

in an adult where is bone marrow found?

A

pelvis, vertebrae, ribs and sternum

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6
Q

what is a pluripotent haematopoietic stem cell?

A
  • undifferentiated cells that have potential to transform into a variety of blood cells
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7
Q

what do pluripotent haematopoietic stem cells become?

A
  • myeloid stem cells
  • lymphoid stem cells
  • dendritic cells - via various intermediate stages
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8
Q

red blood cells development?

A

myeloid stem cells -> reticulocytes

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9
Q

what are reticulocytes?

A

immature red blood cells

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10
Q

how long do RBCs survive for?

A
  • up to 3 months
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11
Q

platelet development?

A

myeloid stem cells -> megakaryocytes

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12
Q

how long do platelets last for?

A
  • 10 days
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13
Q

how long do platelets last for?

A
  • 10 days
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14
Q

platelet function

A
  • role is to clump together and plug gaps where blood clots need to form
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15
Q

white blood cell development?

A

myeloid stem cell -> myeloblast -> promyelocytes that can then become
- monocytes - then macrophages
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- mast cells
- basophils

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16
Q

lymphocyte development?

A

lymphoid stem cell -> B cells or T cells

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17
Q

B cells mature where?

A

in bone marrow

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18
Q

what do B lymphocytes differentiate into?

A
  • plasma cells
  • memory B cells
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19
Q

T lymphocytes mature where?

A
  • thymus gland
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20
Q

what do T cells differentiate into?

A
  • CD4 cells (T helper cells)
  • CD8 cells (cytotoxic T cells)
  • natural killer cells
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21
Q

what is a blood film used for?

A
  • used to examine blood using a microscope to check for abnormal shapes, sizes and contents of cells and note abnormal inclusions in blood
22
Q

anisocytosis refers to what?

A
  • variation in size of the RBCs. these can be seen in myelodysplasic syndrome as well as some forms of anaemia
23
Q

target cells?

A
  • central pigmented area surrounded by a pale area, surrounded by a ring of thicker cytoplasm on outside. makes it look like a bull’s eye target
    -> can be seen in iron deficiency anaemia and post-splenectomy
24
Q

Heinz bodies?

A
  • individual blobs seen inside red blood cells caused by denatured globin.
    -> can be seen in G6PD and alpha-thalassaemia
25
Q

Howell-Jolly bodies?

A
  • individual blods of DNA material seen inside red blood cells
  • normally DNA material is removed by spleen during circulation of red blood cells
    -> can be seen in post-splenectomy and in patients w severe anaemia where the body is regenerating red blood cells quickly
26
Q

reticulocytes?

A
  • immature red blood cells that are slightly larger than standard erythrocytes (RBCs) and still have RNA material in them
  • RNA has a reticular ‘mesh like’ appaearance inside the cell
27
Q

how many RBCs consist of reticulocytes? and what happens when this % goes up?

A
  • 1%
  • when there is a rapid turnover of red blood cells -> haemolytic anaemia.
  • demonstrating the bone marrow is active in replacing lost cells
28
Q

schistocytes?

A
  • fragments of RBCs
  • indicate RBCs are being physically damaged by trauma during their journey through blood vessels
29
Q

what can schistocytes indicate?

A
  • networks of clots in small blood vessels caused by
  • HUS
  • DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation)
  • thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura
  • can also be present in replacement metallic heart valves and haemolytic anaemia
30
Q

what are sideroblasts?

A
  • immature red blood cells that contain blobs of iron
  • they occur when the bone marrow is unable to incorporate iron into the haemoglobin molecules.
31
Q

what can sideroblasts indicate?

A
  • myelodysplasic syndrome
32
Q

what are smudge cells?

A
  • immature red blood cells that contain blobs of iron
  • they occur when bone marrow is unable to incorporate iron into the haemoglobin molecules
33
Q

what can smudge cells indicate?

A
  • chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
34
Q

what are spherocytes?

A
  • spherical red blood cells without normal bi-concave disk space
35
Q

what can spherocytes indicate?

A
  • autoimmune haemolytic anaemia or hereditary spherocytosis
36
Q

myeloid stem cells become?

A

megakaryocytes -> platelets
reticulocytes -> RBCs
promyelocytes -> monocytes - macrophages, neotrophils, eosinophils, mast cells, basophils

37
Q

megakaryocytes are?

A
  • large cells
  • big lobulated nucleus
  • produce platelets
  • essential for blood clotting
38
Q

reticulocytes are?

A
  • immature red bloodcells
  • remnant RNA material called reticulum in cytoplasm
  • released from bone marrow
  • normally 1% of RBCs are reticulocytes
  • higher % indicates rapid turnover of blood e.g. acute blood loss, haemolysis
  • loose reticulum after few days and become RBCs
39
Q

RBCs contain?

A
  • large quantities of haemoglobin and carry oxygen from lungs to tissues
  • survive about 3 months
40
Q

macrophages?

A
  • monocytes that have entered tissues and differentiated into macrophages
  • live in most tissues in body
  • have ‘toll-like receptors’
  • recognise pathogen-associated molecular patterns ‘PAMPs)
  • kill pathogens and abnormal cells by phagocytosis
  • release cytokines that initiate inflammatory response
  • activate other cells of immune system
41
Q

neutrophils

A
  • circulate through blood and lymphatic system
  • migrate to areas of inflammation
  • kill pathogens and abnormal cells by phagocytosis
42
Q

eosinophils?

A
  • important in responding to parasites
  • sit waiting in tissues
  • contain granules with - proinflammatory cytokines, chemicals toxic to pathogens e.g. ‘major basic protein’

they have 2 functions
- exocytosis of their granules
- phagocytosis - but less than neutrophils and macrophages

43
Q

mast cells and basophils?

A

mast cells are fixed in place in tissues
basophils circulate through blood
contain cyotplasmic granules
degranulation releases pro-inflammatory cytokines

44
Q

B lymphocytes

A
  • also called B cells
  • mature in bone marrow
  • cell surface lined w antibodies
  • each B cell has a specific type of antibody for a specific antigen
  • b cells can only recognise antigens that match their antibodies
  • once activated become either - plasma cell or memory b cell
45
Q

what do plasma cells do?

A
  • secrete antibodies - also called immunoglobulins
46
Q

what do memory b cells do?

A
  • await a later infection w same pathogen
47
Q

T lymphocytes?

A
  • also called T cells
  • pro-thymocytes leave the bone marrow and travel to thymus gland
  • mature there into T cells
  • cell surface lined w T cell receptors
  • each T cell has specific type of T cell receptor (TcR) for specific antigen
48
Q

CD4 cells have what kind of receptor?

A
  • MHC class 2 receptors
49
Q

CD8 cells have what kind of receptor?

A
  • MHC class 1 receptor
50
Q

CD4 cells become what when activated?

A
  • T helper cells
  • help other cells become activated including CD8 cells
51
Q

CD8 cells become what when activated?

A
  • cytotoxic T cells
    -> destroy infected cells via granule exocytosis causing destruction of the cell, activating the Fas pathway causing cell apoptosis

haematology (3 decks)

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