component 6

Question 1

what are the populations considered to be special ?

Answer 1

50+ yr adults, pre/post-natal woman, young people (14-16), the disabled

Question 2

what does the pre-exercise screening for special people need to be?

Answer 2

COMPREHENSIVE
completed prior to exercise performance
any flags need to be checked by GPs and cleared as safe
*any client responding yes to the PAR-Q needs to be signposted to GP referral

Question 3

at what age does a decline in fitness/health occur

Answer 3

normally this started at around 50yrs old (becomes very noticeable at 65 and older)

Question 4

name some contradictions (to not allow) to exercise

Answer 4

unstable medical conditions , resting blood pressure greater than 180/90, resting HR over 100bpm, unexplained dizziness

Question 5

what is the % droppage when the ageing process occurs

Answer 5

1-2%

Question 6

name effects of ageing on the body systems

Answer 6

fewer fast twitch muscle fibres, smaller muscle fibres, sensory decline, cognitive decline, higher risk of osteoporosis, higher blood pressure, less elastic vessels, lower motor neurones

Question 7

name some fitness potential considerations for the older generations

Answer 7

less muscle strength, muscle power, coordination, postural stability, MHR and increased fatigue

Question 8

name a safety consideration for older generations

Answer 8

PRE-SCREENING (same as special populations groups)

Question 9

outline the training guidelines for over50yr olds

Answer 9

warm up-
around 15mins, longer, gentle warm up, build ROM, posture focus, slower controlled movements

CV training-
intensity build up over time, lower working intensity, less impact, longer cool down duration

muscular training-
less resistance, less reps/sets and longer rest time, allow transition time, correct technique

cool down-
longer duration, more stretches for specific muscles, more stable positions, use smaller ROM

Question 10

what must pre/postnatal woman need to sign before exercise or programmes

Answer 10

PARmedX form

Question 11

what are some of the effects of pregnancy on the human body

Answer 11

VARY DEPENDING ON THE INDIVIDUAL but general effects=higher SV, HR, cardiac output, and 02 uptake

Question 12

what should pregnant woman avoid when exercising

Answer 12

• exercising in supine position after 16weeks
• exercising to point of exhaustion
• prone lying positions
• heavy loads
• isometric exercising
• rapid changes to direction
• uncontrolled twisting
• ab exercises

Question 13

usually how many weeks after birth, when can woman exercise again

Answer 13

6-8weeks

Question 14

what should exercise sessions for post-natal women focus on?

Answer 14

• re-educate correct posture and joint alignment
• address muscle imbalances
• improve stability and motor skills
• improve transverse abdominal and pelvic floor muscle

Question 15

when should women be referred to health professionals?

Answer 15

• stress incontinence
• ‘dragging’ pain in pelvic floor and lower ab region
• groin,lower back pain when walking
• ab weakness

Question 16

how would a exercise session look for a post-natal women

Answer 16

-warm up
correct posture, slow/controlled movements, increased mobility exercises, use full ROM, support stretch positions

-CV exercises
low/mid intensity, low impact, slower tempo, shorter sessions (15mins for abnormal, 30mins for normal), user talk test for examining

-muscle fitness
pelvic floor muscles, no supine positions, lower reps/higer rest, less resistance exercises, no heavy ab exercise

-cool down
specific muscle relation work, no overstretching limbs, comfortable/passive stretch positions, shorter duration for stretch hold

Question 17

define impairment

Answer 17

problem in the body function/structure

Question 18

define activity limitation

Answer 18

difficulty encountered bu an individual in executing a task/action

Question 19

define participation restriction

Answer 19

problem experienced by an individual in life situations

Question 20

wheelchair users account for….if the disabled populations

Answer 20

6%

Question 21

around 8-10million people in registered disabled populations suffer from

Answer 21

• full/partial blindness/deafness
• strokes
• heart attacks
• obestiy
• downsyndrome
• cancer
• HIV
• amputations
• cerebal palsy

Question 22

what are progressive disorders

Answer 22

condition(s) worsen over time. careful monitoring needed to ensure programme does not worsen the condition

Question 23

what is asymmetrical weakness

Answer 23

difference in strength between left/right sides of the body. Aim to improve affected side as much possible without neglecting the other side

Question 24

what is spasticity

Answer 24

many physical disabilities present with spastic muscles that are very tight/rigid

Question 25

what type of training in needed for spasticity

Answer 25

flexibility !!

Question 26

neurological conditions

Answer 26

affect the CNS
-muscles become weaker due to decline in CNS functioning, can be offset on programme when working in general fitness levels, any rapid changes should be referred to a professional immediately

Question 27

what is sensory nerve damage

Answer 27

inability to detect pressure against the skin can result in pressure sores (often in wheelchair users so frequent checks needed)

Question 28

what is depression

Answer 28

a secondary condition resulting from physical and psychological challenges of being disabled.

-reduced energy levels, leads to dropping out of a gym programme, medication can have negative side effects eg. weight gain, suicide risk.

Question 29

growth plate fractures

Answer 29

weakest point/growing point of skeleton

-injuries here account for 15% of all childhood fractures

Question 30

what are preventative measures for growth place fractures

Answer 30

avoid excessive training, consider gender differences, avoid inappropriate sizing for paired activities, avoid static/high impact exercise, thorough warm up/cool down, finally, appropriate use of machinery.

Question 31

what is flexibility

Answer 31

during growth spurts increased injury risk due to soft tissue around joints are already stretched, as muscle growth does not keep up with bone growth

Question 32

what is limb length

Answer 32

in growth spurt young people disproportionately long limbs so biomechanically more out of balance

Question 33

what is the issue with most gymnasium equipment ?

Answer 33

not designed for young people so the weight changes in weights are often too great for the younger generation to cope with

Question 34

name some CV/cardiorespiritory considerations for the younger generations

Answer 34

• smaller heart chambers/volume = SV lower @ rest/exercise
• lower SV compensated by higher MHR, but cannot compensate for lower SV so lower cardiac output
• lower BP
• amount of ventilation required for each L of 02 higher
• VR difference higher so increased % of cardiac output goes to working muscles

Question 35

at what age is anaerobic capacity fully developed?

Answer 35

20yrs old for boys and girls

Question 36

why do young people need to be careful when exercising in heat?

Answer 36

in superior cooling systems so temp changes more suseptible to negative change if training because they expend more energy per kg of body weight than an adult during exercise