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A Level Biology > Component 2 - Human reproduction > Flashcards

Component 2 - Human reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Label these parts of the make reproductive system

A
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2
Q

What is the function of the scrotum?

A

An external sac that holds the testes outside of the body, this gives opt. temperature for sperm production of 35°C

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3
Q

What is the function of the testes?

A

Produce male gametes (spermatozoa)

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4
Q

What is the function of the urethra?

A

Tube that connects the bladder to the outside, passes through the penis and transfers urine and semen to the outside

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5
Q

What is the function of the penis?

A

Organ that is used to pass semen into reproductive system. Erectile tissue fills with blood for penetration of vagina

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6
Q

What is the function of the vas deferens?

A

Tube that takes the sperm from the testis to the urethra during ejaculation

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7
Q

What is the function of the epididymis?

A

Sperm collect and mature here

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8
Q

What is the function of the seminiferous tubules?

A

Tubes found in testes - site of sperm production

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9
Q

What is the function of the prostate gland?

A

Gland found at base of bladder that produces alkaline secretion that neutralised any urine left in urethra and aids in sperm mobility

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10
Q

What is the function of the seminal vesicle?

A

Gland that produces a nutrient secretion that helps sperm mobility

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11
Q

What is spermatogenesis and where does it take place?

A

The production of haploid (n) spermatozoa from diploid (2n) spermatogonia
Takes place in the seminiferous tubules of the testis

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12
Q

Describe the process of spermatogenesis

A

Multiplication of many diploid spermatogonia via mitosis from a germinal epithelium on the outer layer of the seminiferous tubule
Then the spermatogonia grow into primary spermatocytes (2n) The diploid primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis I to produce secondary spermatocytes
Secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II to produce haploid (n) spermatids
Differentiation the haploid spermatids differentiate into spermatozoa - they form their mid piece tails

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13
Q

Label the cross section through a seminiferous tubule

A
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14
Q

What is the purpose of Sertoli cells?

A

Nourish and protect the spermatozoa once they are formed

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15
Q

Label the structure of a sperm

A
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16
Q

Label the structure of the female system

A
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17
Q

What is the function of the ovary?

A

They are the female sex organs that produce the female gametes (secondary oocytes) and secrete hormones oestrogen and progesterone

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18
Q

What is the function of the fallopian tube?

A

Connect the ovary to the uterus. Each tube ends in finger like projections which collect the oocyte following ovulation. This is where fertilisation occurs

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19
Q

What is the function of the myometrium?

A

A muscular layer of the uterus

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20
Q

What is the function of the endometrium?

A

The embryo becomes implanted in the endometrium. The internal surface of the endometrium is shed each month if there is no embryo

21
Q

What is the function of the cervix?

A

Neck of the uterus, a muscular ring that closes the entrance to the uterus, dilates during bith

22
Q

What is the function of the vagina?

A

Muscular tube that leads to the outside of the body

23
Q

What is the function of the bladder?

A

Storage of urine

24
Q

Label the ovary structure

25
Describe the structure of the secondary oocyte after ovulation
26
Describe the process of oogenesis
Oogonia formed before birth undergo mitosis to form primary oocytes Primary oocytes start to divide by meiosis but stop at prophase I The primary oocytes are surrounded by follicle cells forming the primary follicles At puberty FSH from the pituitary gland stimulate some of the primary follicles to develop into secondary follicles The primary oocyte completed the first meiotic division to form a haploid secondary oocyte and small polar body The secondary oocyte is now in the Graafian follicle. It starts meiosis II but stops at metaphase II This migrates to the surface of the ovary where it bursts projecting the secondary oocyte into the fallopian tube Meiosis is only completed if fertilisation takes place
27
When can spermatozoa only fertilise an ovum?
After capacitation
28
Why does capacitation of the sperm take place?
As it moves through the fluid in the uterus Causes a change in the membrane covering the acrosome
29
Describe the journey of the sperm:
The sperm are released from the epididymis and travel along the vas deferens out of the penis through the urethra Spermatozoa are deposited at the top of the vagina and swim through the cervix and along the lining of the uterus, into the oviduct where they meet the secondary oocyte
30
Describe the acrosome reaction
Contact with outer jelly coat, results in the acrosome membrane rupturing and the release of hydrolytic protease enzymes These enzymes digest the corono radiata and the zono pellucida Entry of the head stimulates the completion of meiosis II. This produces the ovum and a second polar body
31
What is the cortical reaction and describe the process
Produces a fertilisation membrane and prevents polyspermy Entry of a single sperm causes calcium ions to be released from the SER These result in cortical granules in the ovum releasing enzymes that change the structure of the zona pellucida to produce the fertilisation membrane, which prevents the entry of any further sperm The nucleus of the ovum fuses with the nucleus of the sperm to form a diploid zygote
32
Following fertilisation what is the ovum known as?
A zygote
33
What is cleavage?
Zygote divides to form a hollow ball of undifferentiated cells (blastocyst)
34
What is the outer layer of the blastocyst called?
Trophoblast
35
What hormone does the trophoblast produce?
HcG
36
What does HcG do?
Maintains the corpus luteum in the ovary for the first 16 weeks of pregnancy
37
What does the blastocyst develop which helps them increase the surface area for absorption of nutrients?
Trophoblastic villi
38
What is the placenta?
Connects the embryo/foetus to the uterus wall Blood from embryo travels to the placenta through arteries of the umbilical cord and returns via the umbilical vein
39
What are the 5 major roles of the placenta?
Secretion of hormones; progesterone and oestrogen Exchange of O2 / CO2, nutrients / wastes A barrier to high blood pressure, blood born pathogens and toxins in maternal blood Allows maternal antibodies to protect the foetus by passive immunity Protect from the mother's immune system. Prevents WBCs from the mother passing into the foetal blood circulation
40
What arteries carry foetal blood to the placenta?
2 umbilical arteries
41
What vein carries blood back to the foetus?
Umbilical vein
42
What is the foetal blood carried over?
A large surface area of chorionic villi
43
What does the chorionic villi have to further increase the surface area?
Microvilli
44
What is the amnion?
Is a membrane derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst
45
What happens with the amnion after 4-5 weeks of initially being in contact with the embryo?
Amniotic fluid starts to accumulate, pushing the amnion membrane outward
46
How does the amniotic fluid protect the foetus during devlopment?
Maintaining temperature Providing lubrication Contributing to lung development Allowing movement Acting as a shock absorber
47
During pregnancy what 2 hormones are produced and what by?
Progesterone and oestrogen By the corpus luteum and then the placenta
48
What does progesterone and oestrogen inhibit and what does this cause?
LH and FSH release Prevent more follicles maturing and ovulation
49
Woccu

A Level Biology (8 decks)

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