Component 1 - ATP Flashcards
(23 cards)
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine triphosphate
What is the cells main usable source of energy?
ATP
What is ATP in terms of structure?
A nucleotide
Draw the structure of ATP
Why is ATP known as the universal energy currency of the cell?
Used by all living organisms, in every cell
To carry energy from energy-releasing reactions to energy-consuming reactions
Used to provide the energy for nearly all biochemical reactions in the cell
What is adenine and what does it stand for?
Is a nitrogen containing organic base
Stands for adenosine diphosphate
Draw the structure of ADP
Where is all energy stored in lipid and carbohydrate molecules?
In the bonds
Breaking bonds releases what?
Energy
What does the cell do when it has energy available
It can store it by adding a phosphate group to ADP, producing ATP
How is ATP converted into ADP
By breaking the bond between the second and third phosphate groups and releasing energy for cellular processes
ATP molecule is hydrolysed into APD and an inorganic phosphate
What is the enzyme that catalyses the reaction of ATP into ADP?
ATPase
How much energy precisely does every mole of ATP hydrolysed release?
30.6kJ
What is a reaction that releases energy called?
Exogernic
What type of reaction do ADP and Pi combine?
A condensation reaction
Input of 30.6kJ required
To synthesis 1 mole of ATP
What type of reaction is the formation of ATP and why?
Endergonic
As energy is stored in the bond
What is the addition of phosphate to ADP called?
Phosphorylation
How is ATP a better energy source than glucose? List all the advantages
Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP requires on enzyme whereas many enzymes are needed to release energy from glucose
Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP is a single step reaction that release energy immediately whereas the breakdown of glucose involves many intermediates and takes longer for energy to be release
ATP release energy in small amounts whereas glucose releases energy in large amounts which all at once
Small soluble molecules-easily transported within cell and across membranes whereas glucose is a large polar molecule
Describe the roles of ATP
Active transport - allow molecules to move against concentration gradient
Metabolic processes - to synthesis large complex molecules from smaller ones, e.g. protein synthesis
Movement - muscle contraction
Nerve transmission - sodium-potassium pump across the axon membrane
Secretion - the packaging and transport of secretory products into vesicles in cells
Describe chemiosmosis in mitochondria
Proton pumps in inner membrane use energy from high energy electrons to pump protons H+ across the inner membrane against their concentration gradient
Protons accumulate in the intermembranous space
Protons diffuse down their concentration gradient back into the matrix through stalked particles (ATP synthase)
The energy released is used to combine ADP and Pi > ATP
Describe chemiosmosis in chloroplasts
Proton pumps in thylakoid membrane use energy from high energy electrons to pump protons H+ across the membrane against their concentration gradient
Protons accumulate in the thylakoid space
Protons diffuse down their concentration gradient back into the stroma through stalked particles (ATP synthase)
The energy release is used to combine ADP and Pi > ATP
What are the differences between chemiosmosis in mitochondria and chloroplasts?
High energy electrons are derived from the reduced coenzymes NAD and FAD in respiration
High energy electrons are produced when photons of light energy excite chlorophyll molecules in photosynthesis
What are the similarities between chemiosmosis in mitochondria and chloroplasts?
Both produce a proton gradient across a membrane
In both, protons diffuse down their proton gradient through ATP synthase
In both, ATP is produced
