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Biology🧬🦠 > Component 1: Energy for life > Flashcards

Component 1: Energy for life Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name the 4 steps of aerobic respiration.

A
  • Glycolysis
  • Link reaction
  • Krebs cycle
  • Electron transport chain
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2
Q

Where in the cell does glycolysis happen?

A

Cytoplasm

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3
Q

What are the products of glycolysis of one glucose molecule?

A

2 x Pyruvate
2 x ATP
2 x NADH

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4
Q

What is the link reaction?

A

Pyruvate + CoA —> acetyl CoA

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5
Q

What by-products are formed in the link reaction?

A

Reduced NAD and CO2

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6
Q

What are the products of the Krebs cycle?

A

1 x FADH
3 x NADH
2 x CO2
1 x ATP

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7
Q

How many molecules of ATP does one molecule of NADH make?

A

3

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8
Q

How many molecules of ATP does one molecule of FADH make?

A

2

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9
Q

How many ATP molecules are made in total in aerobic respiration?

A

38

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10
Q

How many proton pumps are used to produce the proton gradient in mitochondria?

A

3 electron carrier molecules

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11
Q

If no oxygen is present, which stage of respiration takes place?

A

Glycolysis

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12
Q

What is the product of anaerobic respiration in animals?

A

Lactic acid

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13
Q

Name 3 alternative substrates for respiration

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins

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14
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

The flow of protons down a concentration gradient

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15
Q

What factors will increase a population size?

A

Birth and immigration

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16
Q

What factors will decrease a population size?

A

Death and emigration

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17
Q

Define immigration

A

The movement of individuals into a new place

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18
Q

What is emigration?

A

The act of leaving an environment to go somewhere else

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19
Q

Name and describe the 4 stages of population growth

A

1) lag phase : period of adaptation and preparation for growth
2) exponential phase : no factors limiting reproduction
3) stationary phase : birth rate = death rate
4) Death phase : death rate is greater than birth rate

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20
Q

Define the term ‘carrying capacity’

A

The maximum population number a given environment can support or maintain

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21
Q

Give 4 density dependent factors that effect population growth

A
  • competition for food
  • spread of disease
  • oxygen concentration
  • build up of toxins or waste
22
Q

Give 2 density independent factors that affect population growth

A
  • temperature

- size of habitat

23
Q

What is the ultimate energy source for any ecosystem?

A

Sunlight energy

24
Q

Define ‘ecosystem’

A

The interaction of biotic and abiotic components in a given area

25
Q

What is a producer?

A

A photosynthetic organism that manufactures organic substances using light, water and CO2

26
Q

What is ‘Denitrification’?

A

The microbial process of reducing nitrite and nitrate to gaseous forms of nitrogen

27
Q

What is ‘eutrophication’?

A

Excessive plant and algae growth, limiting CO2, light intensity and nutrient levels

28
Q

What equation can be used to calculate energy transfer?

A

(energy available after transfer/energy available before) x100

29
Q

What is primary succession?

A

The introduction of a species to an area they have not previously inhabited

30
Q

What is secondary succession?

A

The reintroduction to an area previously occupied but with its vegetation removed

31
Q

Describe the process of succession

A

Bare rock, colonised by lichens, is broken down into soil. Seeds bought into a habitat by the wind or on the feet of animals. Heather and mosses grow, as soil thickens shrubs, bushes and eventually taller trees will grow.

32
Q

How does respiration affect the carbon cycle?

A

CO2 is added to the air by respiration of plants, animals and microorganisms

33
Q

How does photosynthesis affect the carbon cycle?

A

Takes in almost as much CO2 as is produced in respiration

34
Q

How does decomposition affect the carbon cycle?

A

Dead remains of plants and animals acted upon by decomposers; realeasing CO2 into the atmosphere

35
Q

How does combustion affect the carbon cycle?

A

Burning fossil fuels accounts for most of the increase in atmospheric CO2 levels

36
Q

How does deforestation affect the carbon cycle?

A

More trees being cut down means less CO2 is absorbed, burning trees also releases CO2

37
Q

What are the 2 main causes of increased CO2 levels?

A

Deforestation

Combustion

38
Q

What bacteria is responsible for the conversion of NH4+ to NO2-?

A

Nitrosomonas

39
Q

What bacteria is responsible for the conversion of NO2- to NO3-?

A

Nitrobacter

40
Q

What bacteria converts nitrate ions to nitrogen gas?

A

Pseudomonas

41
Q

Which 2 bateria are responsible for nitrogen fixation?

A

Azotobacter and Rhizobium

42
Q

Describe the symbiotic relationship between Rhizobium bacteria and roots?

A

Root nodules form; bacteria is provided with sugar and the plant is provided with NH4+

43
Q

Outline the process of Eutrophication

A

Excessive nutrients from fertilisers are deposited into rivers or lakes by rainwater causing plants to flourish. Algae blooms, oxygen is depleted and sunlight is limited causing other plants to die. Dead plants are broken down using up more oxygen. O2 levels reach a point where no life is possible, fish and organisms die :(

44
Q

Where are chloroplasts found?

A

Mostly found in the palisade mesophyll but can also be found in the spongy mesophyll and guard cells.

45
Q

Give 5 adaptations of chloroplasts for photosynthesis

A
  • Large surface area
  • Able to move around the cell
  • Can rotate within cells
  • Photosynthetic pigments within the thylakoid membrane
  • 5x more chloroplasts found in the palisade cells than any other cell
46
Q

How do Chloroplasts act as transducers?

A

By converting energy from photons of light into chemical energy

47
Q

What is a photosynthetic pigment and what is the benefit of chloroplasts containing multiple pigments?

A
  • A molecule that absorbs specific wavelengths of light

- Chloroplasts have multiple pigments that allow a wider range of wavelengths to be absorbed

48
Q

Name 4 photosynthetic pigments

A
  • Chlorophyll A & B
  • Xanthophyll
  • Beta Carotene
49
Q

Where are photosystems found and how do they work?

A
  • Found in antenna complex in the thylakoid membrane
  • Photons are absorbed by the pigment allowing the electrons of the pigment to become excited and rise to a higher energy level
50
Q

How is energy produced in the electron transport chain?

A

Reduced NAD donates an electron which is passed along a chain of carrier molecules, providing energy to the proton pumps

51
Q

How is ATP produced from an electron transport chain?

A

Protons pass through the proton pumps into the inter membrane space, therefore increasing the concentration.
H+ pass through ATP synthetase, producing enough energy for phosphorylation.

52
Q

How does oxygen act as the final electron carrier?

A

At the end of the electron transport chain, protons combine with electrons and oxygen to form water.

Biology🧬🦠 (4 decks)

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