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GCSE Geography > Component 1 - Changing Physical and Human Landscapes > Flashcards

Component 1 - Changing Physical and Human Landscapes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the distribution of highland areas in the UK?

A

North England, Scotland and Wales

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2
Q

What is the distribution of lowland areas in the UK?

A

Southern England

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3
Q

What is a national park?

A

A protected area due to wildlife, heritage or beautiful countryside

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4
Q

What does AONB stand for?

A

Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty

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5
Q

How is the Brecon Beacons National Park managed?

A
  • Footpaths repaired using stone

- Vegetation on pathways restored

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6
Q

How is the Gower managed?

A
  • Information boards
  • Clearly marked car parks
  • Strict control over building
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7
Q

What are the impacts of human activity on Snowdonia?

A
  • Souvenir shops instead of essential shops
  • Welsh language diluted
  • House prices increased
  • More jobs
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8
Q

What does ‘carrying capacity’ mean?

A

The maximum population size that an environment can sustain

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9
Q

What limestone landscape have I studied?

A

Malham Cove, Yorkshire Dales

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10
Q

How is limestone formed?

A

Deposition of dead sea creatures built up in layers

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11
Q

What are horizontal cracks in rocks called?

A

Bedding planes

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12
Q

Is limestone a hard or soft rock?

A

Hard rock

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13
Q

Limestone is dissolved by…

A

Carbonic acid (acid rainwater)

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14
Q

Rectangular blocks on a limestone pavement are called

A

Clints

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15
Q

The gaps between these blocks on a limestone pavement are called…

A

Grykes

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16
Q

Stalactites are…

A

An icicle of calcium carbonate hanging from the ceiling of a limestone cavern

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17
Q

Stalagmites are…

A

Icicles made of calcium carbonate that grow up from the floor of a limestone cavern

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18
Q

What are the 5 key features of a drainage basin?

A
  • Tributary
  • Confluence
  • Source
  • Mouth
  • Watershed
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19
Q

What three fluvial/water processes change rivers over time?

A
  • Erosion
  • Transportation
  • Deposition
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20
Q

What are the four types of fluvial/water transportation?

A
  • Solution
  • Saltation
  • Suspension
  • Traction
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21
Q

What are the four types of fluvial/water erosion?

A
  • Abrasion
  • Attrition
  • Hydraulic action
  • Solution
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22
Q

What is a meander?

A

A bend in a river

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23
Q

Where is the fastest flow on a meander?

A

Outside

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24
Q

Where does deposition occur on a meander?

A

Inside - slower flow

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25
Q

Where is a river cliff likely to form on a meander?

A

Outside

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26
Q

Where is the hard rock located on a waterfall?

A

Top

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27
Q

Where is the soft rock located on a waterfall?

A

Bottom

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28
Q

How is a plunge pool formed?

A

Force of the water hitting the rocks (hydraulic action)

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29
Q

What is the ledge of hard rock called on a waterfall?

A

Overhang

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30
Q

When a waterfall retreats (goes backwards) if forms a…

A

Gorge

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31
Q

What named example of a waterfall have we studied?

A

Niagara Falls

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32
Q

What two ways have people used waterfalls?

A
  • Hydroelectric power

- Tourism

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33
Q

What is the flat area next to a river called?

A

Floodplain

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34
Q

What is the Bluff line?

A

Edge of a floodplain

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35
Q

What is the key process that forms floodplain?

A

Deposition

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36
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Levees are banks made of deposited material

A

True

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37
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Levees are only naturally made

A

False

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38
Q

What word is used for water flowing over the surface of the land?

A

Overland flow

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39
Q

What word is used for water flowing into the soil?

A

Infiltration

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40
Q

What word is used when there is too much water in the soil and it cannot take anymore?

A

Saturation

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41
Q

Give the 4 natural causes of flooding

A
  • Impermeable geology
  • Heavy rainfall
  • Prolonged rainfall
  • Steep slopes (relief)
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42
Q

Give 2 man made (human) causes of flooding

A
  • Deforestation

- Urbanisation

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43
Q

Give 5 causes of the Boscastle flooding

A
  • High tide
  • Steep valley sides > overland flow
  • Impermeable surfaces > surface runoff
  • Saturated ground (due to the storms days before)
  • Confluence of the River Valency and River Jordan
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44
Q

Give 2 effects of the Boscastle flooding

A
  • Roads blocked due to helicopters
  • Properties destroyed
  • Emergency accommodation
  • Vehicles carried out to sea
  • Insurance costs increased for homeowners
  • Tourism industry seriously affected
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45
Q

What other example of river flooding did we study?

A

Somerset Levels (2014)

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46
Q

Give four causes of the Somerset Levels flooding

A
  • Flat landscapes

- Levels

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47
Q

Name 3 hard engineering river management strategies

A
  • Embankments
  • Channelisation
  • Dams
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48
Q

Name 3 soft engineering river management strategies

A
  • Washlands
  • Land use zoning
  • Afforestation
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49
Q

The size and energy of a wave depends upon what 3 factors?

A
  • The fetch
  • The wind strength
  • The length of time the wind has been blowing
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50
Q

What is it called when water washes up the beach?

A

Swash

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51
Q

What is it called when water washes back down the beach?

A

Backwash

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52
Q

What is a concordant coastline?

A
  • Where the geology is parallel to the coastline

- It has one type of rock

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53
Q

What is a discordant coastline?

A
  • Where the geology is 90° to the coastline

- It has different types of rock

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54
Q

What is unconsolidated rock?

A

Rock that is only loosely compacted and that is not properly glued together

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55
Q

What is longshore drift?

A

Sand / sediment moving along the beach

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56
Q

What is swash?

A

The movement of sand / sediment up the beach by the wave

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57
Q

What is backwash?

A

The movement of sand / sediment back down the beach by the wave

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58
Q

What are 5 features of destructive waves?

A
  • Occur in storm conditions
  • Have high energy
  • Long fetch
  • Responsible for erosion, - - Greater backwash than swash
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59
Q

What are 5 features of constructive waves?

A
  • Occur in calm conditions
  • Have low energy
  • Transport material via LSD
  • Responsible for deposition
  • Greater swash than backwash
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60
Q

What 3 landforms are created by longshore drift?

A
  • Spit
  • Bar
  • Tombolo
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61
Q

Why is cornwall more vulnerable to coastal erosion?

A

Destructive waves and long fetch (from America)

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62
Q

What is a storm surge?

A

A change in sea level caused by a storm

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63
Q

What causes a storm surge?

A

Low air pressure causes a bulge in the sea. Bulge is pushed forward by the wind

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64
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: If a storm surge happens during low tide coastal flooding is highly likely

A

True

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65
Q

What storm surge did we study?

A

December 2013

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66
Q

Why is the south east coast of the UK more vulnerable to storm surges?

A
  • There is a funnel effect between the UK and Europe

- The North Sea comes through the funnel

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67
Q

What are 2 physical reasons why London is vulnerable to flooding?

A
  • Storm surges

- The funnel effect between the UK and Europe

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68
Q

What are 2 human reasons why London is vulnerable to flooding?

A
  • Large population

- Lots of buildings along the Thames

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69
Q

What is isostatic recovery?

A

The weight of the ice acted like a see-saw and pushed down Scotland and raised the South East. Now that the weight of the ice has gone, Scotland is rebounding and the South East sinking back down

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70
Q

How has London attempted to reduce the threat of flooding?

A

Thames barrier

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71
Q

Give 5 hard engineering strategies to manage the coast

A
  • Groynes
  • Rip rap
  • Sea wall
  • Revetments
  • Offshore reef
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72
Q

Give 3 soft engineering strategies to manage the coast

A
  • Managed retreat
  • Beach replenishment
  • Cliff regrading
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73
Q

What does ‘intertidal zone’ mean?

A

Part of the shoreline between the high and low tide

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74
Q

Is there a higher or lower amount of intertidal zones today than what there were in the past?

A

Lower

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75
Q

Where are salt marshes found?

A

Intertidal zones

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76
Q

Give two reasons why salt marshes are disappearing

A
  • Farmland

- Sea erosion

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77
Q

Why are the salt marshes along the Essex and the Thames gateway being eroded?

A

Land is subsiding (sinking) due to isostatic recovery

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78
Q

What does managed realignment aim to do?

A

It aims to create a wider intertidal zone to act as natural stores of flood water during high tide

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79
Q

What managed realignment scheme did you study?

A

Medmerry, Sussex

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80
Q

When was the Medmerry Managed Realignment scheme completed?

A

2014

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81
Q

What happened to the coastline you studied due to this managed realignment?

A

The coastline is now a further 2m inland than what it was

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82
Q

What is a shoreline management plan?

A

It is a plan councils create to state what they are going to do with the coastline

83
Q

What three things do councils have to consider when creating a shoreline management plan?

A

Impacts of coastal defences on:

  • Other locations
  • Animal habitats / environment
  • Costs and benefits of the scheme
84
Q

What shoreline management plan does Sea Palling have?

A

Hold the line

85
Q

What shoreline management plan does Happisburgh have?

A

Retreat the line (managed retreat)

86
Q

Why is coastal hazard mapping good?

A
  • Gives warnings
  • People know what places will be affected
  • Allows emergency services to plan
  • Plan building
87
Q

What are the 4 physical factors that increase vulnerability?

A
  • Magnitude
  • Duration
  • Predictability
  • Regularity
88
Q

What are the 8 social and economic factors that increase vulnerability?

A
  • Wealth
  • Education
  • Governments
  • Age
  • Health
  • Population Density
  • Time of Day/Week/Year
  • Emergency services
89
Q

What does LECZ stand for?

A

Low Elevation Coastal Zones

90
Q

What LECZ have you studied?

A

The Maldives and Egypt

91
Q

What does SIDS stand for?

A

Small Island Developing States

92
Q

What SIDS have you studied?

A

The Maldives

93
Q

What are the 3 main impacts of sea level rise in the Nile Delta?

A
  • Cities, such as Alexandria, will be underwater
  • There will be more Salination (More salt in the soil therefore crops will struggle to grow)
  • Environmental Refugees
94
Q

What are the impacts of sea level rise on the Maldives?

A

SEE p73 OF THE REVISION GUIDE

95
Q

How can the risks of sea level rise on the Maldives be managed?

A

SEE p73 OF THE REVISION GUIDE

96
Q

Why are coastal communities in the future vulnerable?

A
  • 200 million people worldwide live in coastal communities this is due to increase
  • 1m sea level rise predicted
  • People will have to find ways to either adapt or abandon coastal areas
  • Governments cannot defend everything
  • Increased coastal erosion
  • More tropical storms
97
Q

Why is monitoring extreme weather important?

A

Being able to predict extreme weather

98
Q

Why is hazard mapping important?

A

To know what areas will be affected

99
Q

Who reacts to hazards and have had the training and resources to deal with it?

A

Emergency services

100
Q

In the UK who monitors and makes flood forecasts?

A

The Flood Forecasting Centre

101
Q

Who informs the UK public of these forecasts?

A

The Environmental Agency

102
Q

Who produces hazard maps?

A

The Environmental Agency

103
Q

Limestone is a sedimentary rock. How was limestone formed?

A

Dead remains of marine organisms

104
Q

What limestone landscape did we study?

A

Yorkshire Dales

105
Q

What limestone landscape location specifically did you study?

A

Malham Cove

106
Q

How are limestone pavements formed?

A

Scouring action of glaciers

107
Q

How are caverns formed?

A

Underground caves that have been hollowed out by the action of underground streams, carbonation and solution

108
Q

Why is sheep farming the only type of farming that is possible in limestone areas?

A

Poor, thin soil

109
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Limestone is excellent for buildings and the houses of parliament have been built using it

A

True

110
Q

What do we mean by population density?

A

How many people live in a certain area. Usually measured in people per square kilometre

111
Q

An area where lots of people live is called…

A

Densely populated

112
Q

An area where few people live is called…

A

Sparsely populated

113
Q

What do we mean by ‘sphere of influence’?

A

The area of which a geographical feature or event is able to create an impact. These impacts can be good or bad

114
Q

What does the word rural mean?

A

Countryside

115
Q

What does the word urban mean?

A

City

116
Q

What is the urban-rural continuum?

A

A continuum or transect along which all settlements are placed that go from rural to urban

117
Q

What are the 4 different types of rural place?

A
  • Deep Green
  • Rapid Change
  • Leisure and amenity
  • Coastal Retirement
118
Q

Give 3 reasons why people want to live in a rural location

A
  • Less Traffic
  • Safer for young children
  • Beautiful scenery
119
Q

What do we mean by commuting?

A

Travelling to work

120
Q

Give 3 factors that have impacted commuting patterns

A
  • Cost of public transport
  • Rising cost of fuel
  • Flexible working hours
  • Fuel efficient cars
  • Housing prices in cities
121
Q

What is carrying capacity?

A

The ability of a landscape or ecosystem to absorb the activity of people without any lasting damage. Some ecosystems have larger carrying capacities than others

122
Q

How is the amount of visitors to the Gower managed?

A
  • Designated footpaths to provide access for visitors
  • Information boards at Oxwich bay nature reserve to inform visitors of unique features of the area
  • Clearly marked car parks to reduce people parking on grass verges
  • Strict control over building and planning
123
Q

How is the Brecon Beacons managed?

A
  • 15 km of paths were improved

- Re-vegetation of soil

124
Q

Give two examples of upland areas of the UK

A
  • Snowdonia

- Scottish Highlands

125
Q

How are Limestone landscapes formed?

A

Limestone sediment derived from the remains of dead animals on the sea bed

126
Q

What are the lines going across the world map called?

A

Latitude

127
Q

What are the lines going down the world map called?

A

Longitude

128
Q

Give 3 reasons why the number of commuters have increased since the 1960’s

A
  • Growth of motorway network

- Cheaper mass produced - Fast rail links

129
Q

What is the main issue facing towns and cities due to the increased numbers of commuters?

A

Traffic

130
Q

Give 3 potential solutions to traffic

A
  • Park and Ride schemes
  • Bus lanes
  • Cycle routes
  • Flexi work hours
131
Q

What are the 2 key issues Oxford faces?

A
  • Traffic

- Very high house prices

132
Q

What do we mean by 2nd home?

A
  • Somebody lives in one home but has another they use for holidays or to rent out
  • Usually in rural or coastal areas
133
Q

What key issue does 2nd home ownership create for local people trying to buy houses?

A

Rural house prices increase and young local people struggle to afford them

134
Q

2nd homes that are being rented out as holiday homes are problems for local people because…

A

In the winter they are empty so local services start declining

135
Q

Give an example of a remote rural area

A

Scottish Highlands

136
Q

What problems are remote rural areas facing?

A
  • Low incomes and part time work leading to deprivation (poverty/poor)
  • Lack of services eg. health services, schools, adult education and infrequent public transport leading to depopulation
137
Q

What do we mean by ‘sustainable community’?

A

A community which is able to support the needs of all its residents with minimal environmental impacts

138
Q

Give 4 ways we can create sustainable rural communities

A
  • Ensuring public transport is available for the times the community needs it
  • Securing investment from companies to create jobs in rural areas
  • Fast and reliable internet connection
  • Village services being encouraged to stay open by getting everyone to use them
  • Promoting the use of renewable energy within the rural area
139
Q

What do we mean by an ageing population?

A
  • A high proportion of people over the age of 65
140
Q

Give 3 consequences of an ageing population

A
  • Elderly people require more healthcare this is expensive
  • More money needed for state pensions,
  • More people are needed to work in health and social care services
141
Q

Give 2 ways we can respond to an ageing population

A
  • Increase the retirement age

- Encourage people to pay into a pension scheme from a young age

142
Q

Why have we got an ageing population? Give 4 reasons

A
  • Better healthcare so a longer life expectancy
  • Less dangerous jobs
  • Good availability of food
  • Expensive to have children
143
Q

What is counter-urbanisation?

A

The movement of people out of towns and cities to rural areas

144
Q

What has happened to the population of the UK?

A

It has grown

145
Q

What are the 4 social factors that have affected population change?

A
  • Healthcare
  • Marriage - people marry late so don’t have as many kids
  • Culture - people delay having kids so they can have less
  • Ageing population
146
Q

What are the 3 economic factors that have affected population change?

A
  • High cost of raising a family
  • Maternity pay
  • Career
147
Q

What are the 4 political factors that have affected population change?

A
  • Contraception
  • Maternity/paternity rights
  • MIgration
  • Vaccination programmes
148
Q

What are the reasons for people migrating to the UK?

A
  • Jobs
  • Stable political system
  • Good health service
  • Better rates of pay
  • Good education system
149
Q

What are the reasons for internal/domestic migration in the UK?

A
  • Cost of housing
  • Change of lifestyle e.g retirement
  • In search of work to further their career
  • Locate near family
150
Q

Give 3 positive impacts of both internal/domestic migration and international into the UK

A
  • More young adults paying taxes
  • Many low paid unskilled jobs that UK citizens do not want to do are filled.
  • Diversity and culture means the UK has a greater range of foods, restaurants etc.
151
Q

Give 3 negative impacts of both internal/domestic migration and international into the UK

A
  • An increase in birth rate
  • House price increases in popular areas
  • Strain on schools
152
Q

Does the UK need to build more homes?

A

Yes

153
Q

What garden city did we study?

A

Ebbsfleet, Kent

154
Q

What eco homes example did we study?

A

BedZed, Surrey

155
Q

What does ‘sustainable community’ mean?

A

A community which is designed to have minimal impact on the environment

156
Q

Give 5 features of a sustainable community?

A
  • Local jobs nearby
  • Public transport available
  • Use of green technologies
  • Facilities for people of all ages
  • Affordable housing
  • Some buildings designed for elderly people
  • Built on brownfield rather than a green field site
157
Q

What is the Egan Wheel?

A

It shows the criteria to judge a sustainable community

158
Q

What is a greenfield site?

A

An area of land that has not been used before for building

159
Q

Give 1 advantage of developing on a greenfield site

A

Quick and easy to build on, cheaper than building on a brownfield site

160
Q

Give 1 disadvantage of developing on a greenfield site

A
  • Animal habitats destroyed
  • Urban Sprawl
  • Protesters
161
Q

What example did we study of greenfield site developments?

A

Oxford’s green belt

162
Q

What is a brownfield site?

A

An area of land that has been previously built upon

163
Q

Give 1 advantage of developing on a brownfield site.

A

Not using greenfield site, can transform a place that was in decline

164
Q

Give 1 disadvantage of developing on a brownfield site.

A

More expensive to build on as you may have to remove toxic materials

165
Q

What example did we study of a brownfield site development?

A

Ipswich Waterfront Development

166
Q

What does CBD stand for?

A

Central Business District

167
Q

What are the 5 economic factors have changed retailing?

A
  • Home delivery firms
  • Congestion in cities
  • Free parking at out of town retail parks
  • High parking costs in city centres
  • Monthly wages
168
Q

What 2 cultural factors have changed retailing?

A
  • Car-dependent society

- Bulk buying

169
Q

What 4 technological factors have changed retailing?

A
  • High broadband speeds
  • Sophisticated websites
  • Online only retailers
  • Internet Banking
170
Q

What are 4 benefits of out of town shopping centres?

A
  • Large free car parking
  • Near major road junctions
  • Room for expansion
  • Cheaper land values
  • Near suburban housing estates
171
Q

What are 4 costs of out of town shopping centres?

A
  • Attracts shoppers away from CBD
  • Cause congestion on surrounding roads
  • Chain stores
  • Land use conflict with other developments such as business parks
172
Q

What are 4 benefits of internet shopping?

A
  • Convenient and cheaper
  • Purchase products you can’t buy locally
  • Less time consuming
  • Reduction in traffic congestion
  • Delivery jobs
173
Q

What are 4 costs of internet shopping?

A
  • Not everyone has the internet
  • Difficult to return products
  • CBD lose trade and therefore job loses
  • Delivery vans mean more traffic congestion
  • Online card fraud
174
Q

Give 5 ways that Lancaster CBD fought back

A
  • New paving in pedestrianised areas
  • New street furniture
  • Signage (Wayfinding)
  • Market day on Wednesday
  • Secure bike racks
  • Trees planted
175
Q

What does the word urbanisation mean?

A

The growth of towns and cities

176
Q

How many residents does a city need to have before it is called a ‘megacity’?

A

10 million

177
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Many of the worlds fastest growing cities are expected to be in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia

A

True

178
Q

What does the word globalisation mean?

A

The global web of links between countries involving people, trade, ideas and culture

179
Q

What are global cities?

A

Cities that play an important role in the global economic system of finance and trade

180
Q

What 5 features do global cities have

A
  • Finance & Trade
  • Governance and decision making
  • Media and information (Ideas, Information, innovation),
  • Migration Cultural centres (Diversity)
  • Transport hubs
181
Q

What are the push factors that have caused rural to urban migration in Mumbai your NIC city example

A
  • Countryside areas are poor
  • Lack of healthcare
  • Limited job opportunities
  • Poor sanitation
    Pull - Job opportunities, Cheap rail travel, More educational opportunities
182
Q

What are the pull factors that have caused rural to urban migration in Mumbai your NIC city example

A
  • Job opportunities
  • Cheap rail travel
  • More educational opportunities
183
Q

What connections does Mumbai have to the rest of the world?

A
  • Mumbai international airport
  • Tata Steel
  • Bollywood
184
Q

What types of jobs do the people that live in extreme poverty in Mumbai do?

A

Informal jobs

185
Q

What is the name of Mumbai’s biggest slum?

A

Dharavi

186
Q

Give 2 urban challenges Mumbai faces

A
  • Reducing poverty and deprivation

- Housing (Chawls, Squatter Homes-Slums, Pavement Dwellers.)

187
Q

The HIC global city of Cardiff has a large sphere of influence that connects it to the rest of the world give 3 examples of how

A
  • International airport
  • The Principality Stadium (Millennium Stadium)
  • Admiral
  • BBC TV Programmes such as Dr Who
188
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Cardiff has a large Somali community

A

True

189
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Cardiff does not have a congestion problem

A

False

190
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Cardiff has many commuters from the surrounding areas

A

True

191
Q

Give 2 urban challenges that Cardiff faces

A
  • Reducing congestion
  • Reducing poverty
  • Reducing deprivation in Butetown
192
Q

How are interlocking spurs formed?

A
  • In the upper course, more vertical erosion
  • The river cuts down into the valley
  • If there are areas of hard rock (harder to erode), the river will bend around them
193
Q

How do meanders form?

A
  • Rover erodes the outside of the bend more as the water flows faster
  • The more erosion, the tighter the bend
194
Q

How are oxbow lakes formed?

A
  • These form when the river channel breaks through the neck instead of going round the meander - this is the “slower” route
  • It becomes a horseshoe lake
195
Q

How are waterfalls formed?

A
  • Hard rock overhangs soft rock > it falls down due to gravity
  • Rocks fall into plunge pool
  • Erodes the plunge pool backwards
  • Process repeats, forming a gorge
196
Q

How are flood plains formed?

A
  • In the lower course

- Sediment is deposited and forms a floodplain

197
Q

How are levees formed?

A
  • When a river floods, energy is lost
  • Largest materials are deposited first
  • Builds up, height increases etc.
198
Q

How are wave-cut platforms formed?

A
  • Sea attacks the bass of the cliff
  • A wave-cut notch is formed by erosion (dent in the cliff at high tide)
  • As notch gets bigger, the cliff becomes unstable
  • It collapses > cliff retreats
  • Backwash carries away eroded material, leaving a WCP
  • As the cliff retreats, this repeats
199
Q

How are headlands and bays formed?

A
  • Formed on discordant coastlines

- Soft rock gets eroded quicker than hard rock

200
Q

How are cracks, caves, arches, stacks and stumps formed?

A
  • Hydraulic action

- Crack becomes cave, cave becomes arch etc.

201
Q

How are rock pools/potholes formed?

A
  • Small pebbles spin around in cracks, making the holes bigger w/ abrasion
  • Sediment scours the floor
202
Q

How is a beach formed?

A

LSD

- When constructive waves lose their energy the sand etc. is deposited in sheltered areas (eg. bays)

203
Q

How are spits formed?

A
  • Prevailing wind blows at an angle to the coastline
  • Sediment is carried by LSD and moves along the beach via swash and backwash
  • When there’s a change in the coastline’s shape, deposition happens
204
Q

How are bars formed?

A
  • A spit can grow across a bay, joining 2 headlands (THE BAR)
  • They can trap lagoons lakes behind the bar (might end up being filled with sediment/dry up)

GCSE Geography (6 decks)

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