Component 1 - Changing Physical and Human Landscapes Flashcards
1
Q
What is the distribution of highland areas in the UK?
A
North England, Scotland and Wales
2
Q
What is the distribution of lowland areas in the UK?
A
Southern England
3
Q
What is a national park?
A
A protected area due to wildlife, heritage or beautiful countryside
4
Q
What does AONB stand for?
A
Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty
5
Q
How is the Brecon Beacons National Park managed?
A
- Footpaths repaired using stone
- Vegetation on pathways restored
6
Q
How is the Gower managed?
A
- Information boards
- Clearly marked car parks
- Strict control over building
7
Q
What are the impacts of human activity on Snowdonia?
A
- Souvenir shops instead of essential shops
- Welsh language diluted
- House prices increased
- More jobs
8
Q
What does ‘carrying capacity’ mean?
A
The maximum population size that an environment can sustain
9
Q
What limestone landscape have I studied?
A
Malham Cove, Yorkshire Dales
10
Q
How is limestone formed?
A
Deposition of dead sea creatures built up in layers
11
Q
What are horizontal cracks in rocks called?
A
Bedding planes
12
Q
Is limestone a hard or soft rock?
A
Hard rock
13
Q
Limestone is dissolved by…
A
Carbonic acid (acid rainwater)
14
Q
Rectangular blocks on a limestone pavement are called
A
Clints
15
Q
The gaps between these blocks on a limestone pavement are called…
A
Grykes
16
Q
Stalactites are…
A
An icicle of calcium carbonate hanging from the ceiling of a limestone cavern
17
Q
Stalagmites are…
A
Icicles made of calcium carbonate that grow up from the floor of a limestone cavern
18
Q
What are the 5 key features of a drainage basin?
A
- Tributary
- Confluence
- Source
- Mouth
- Watershed
19
Q
What three fluvial/water processes change rivers over time?
A
- Erosion
- Transportation
- Deposition
20
Q
What are the four types of fluvial/water transportation?
A
- Solution
- Saltation
- Suspension
- Traction
21
Q
What are the four types of fluvial/water erosion?
A
- Abrasion
- Attrition
- Hydraulic action
- Solution
22
Q
What is a meander?
A
A bend in a river
23
Q
Where is the fastest flow on a meander?
A
Outside
24
Q
Where does deposition occur on a meander?
A
Inside - slower flow
25
Where is a river cliff likely to form on a meander?
Outside
26
Where is the hard rock located on a waterfall?
Top
27
Where is the soft rock located on a waterfall?
Bottom
28
How is a plunge pool formed?
Force of the water hitting the rocks (hydraulic action)
29
What is the ledge of hard rock called on a waterfall?
Overhang
30
When a waterfall retreats (goes backwards) if forms a...
Gorge
31
What named example of a waterfall have we studied?
Niagara Falls
32
What two ways have people used waterfalls?
- Hydroelectric power
| - Tourism
33
What is the flat area next to a river called?
Floodplain
34
What is the Bluff line?
Edge of a floodplain
35
What is the key process that forms floodplain?
Deposition
36
TRUE OR FALSE: Levees are banks made of deposited material
True
37
TRUE OR FALSE: Levees are only naturally made
False
38
What word is used for water flowing over the surface of the land?
Overland flow
39
What word is used for water flowing into the soil?
Infiltration
40
What word is used when there is too much water in the soil and it cannot take anymore?
Saturation
41
Give the 4 natural causes of flooding
- Impermeable geology
- Heavy rainfall
- Prolonged rainfall
- Steep slopes (relief)
42
Give 2 man made (human) causes of flooding
- Deforestation
| - Urbanisation
43
Give 5 causes of the Boscastle flooding
- High tide
- Steep valley sides > overland flow
- Impermeable surfaces > surface runoff
- Saturated ground (due to the storms days before)
- Confluence of the River Valency and River Jordan
44
Give 2 effects of the Boscastle flooding
- Roads blocked due to helicopters
- Properties destroyed
- Emergency accommodation
- Vehicles carried out to sea
- Insurance costs increased for homeowners
- Tourism industry seriously affected
45
What other example of river flooding did we study?
Somerset Levels (2014)
46
Give four causes of the Somerset Levels flooding
- Flat landscapes
| - Levels
47
Name 3 hard engineering river management strategies
- Embankments
- Channelisation
- Dams
48
Name 3 soft engineering river management strategies
- Washlands
- Land use zoning
- Afforestation
49
The size and energy of a wave depends upon what 3 factors?
- The fetch
- The wind strength
- The length of time the wind has been blowing
50
What is it called when water washes up the beach?
Swash
51
What is it called when water washes back down the beach?
Backwash
52
What is a concordant coastline?
- Where the geology is parallel to the coastline
| - It has one type of rock
53
What is a discordant coastline?
- Where the geology is 90° to the coastline
| - It has different types of rock
54
What is unconsolidated rock?
Rock that is only loosely compacted and that is not properly glued together
55
What is longshore drift?
Sand / sediment moving along the beach
56
What is swash?
The movement of sand / sediment up the beach by the wave
57
What is backwash?
The movement of sand / sediment back down the beach by the wave
58
What are 5 features of destructive waves?
- Occur in storm conditions
- Have high energy
- Long fetch
- Responsible for erosion, - - Greater backwash than swash
59
What are 5 features of constructive waves?
- Occur in calm conditions
- Have low energy
- Transport material via LSD
- Responsible for deposition
- Greater swash than backwash
60
What 3 landforms are created by longshore drift?
- Spit
- Bar
- Tombolo
61
Why is cornwall more vulnerable to coastal erosion?
Destructive waves and long fetch (from America)
62
What is a storm surge?
A change in sea level caused by a storm
63
What causes a storm surge?
Low air pressure causes a bulge in the sea. Bulge is pushed forward by the wind
64
TRUE OR FALSE: If a storm surge happens during low tide coastal flooding is highly likely
True
65
What storm surge did we study?
December 2013
66
Why is the south east coast of the UK more vulnerable to storm surges?
- There is a funnel effect between the UK and Europe
| - The North Sea comes through the funnel
67
What are 2 physical reasons why London is vulnerable to flooding?
- Storm surges
| - The funnel effect between the UK and Europe
68
What are 2 human reasons why London is vulnerable to flooding?
- Large population
| - Lots of buildings along the Thames
69
What is isostatic recovery?
The weight of the ice acted like a see-saw and pushed down Scotland and raised the South East. Now that the weight of the ice has gone, Scotland is rebounding and the South East sinking back down
70
How has London attempted to reduce the threat of flooding?
Thames barrier
71
Give 5 hard engineering strategies to manage the coast
- Groynes
- Rip rap
- Sea wall
- Revetments
- Offshore reef
72
Give 3 soft engineering strategies to manage the coast
- Managed retreat
- Beach replenishment
- Cliff regrading
73
What does 'intertidal zone' mean?
Part of the shoreline between the high and low tide
74
Is there a higher or lower amount of intertidal zones today than what there were in the past?
Lower
75
Where are salt marshes found?
Intertidal zones
76
Give two reasons why salt marshes are disappearing
- Farmland
| - Sea erosion
77
Why are the salt marshes along the Essex and the Thames gateway being eroded?
Land is subsiding (sinking) due to isostatic recovery
78
What does managed realignment aim to do?
It aims to create a wider intertidal zone to act as natural stores of flood water during high tide
79
What managed realignment scheme did you study?
Medmerry, Sussex
80
When was the Medmerry Managed Realignment scheme completed?
2014
81
What happened to the coastline you studied due to this managed realignment?
The coastline is now a further 2m inland than what it was
82
What is a shoreline management plan?
It is a plan councils create to state what they are going to do with the coastline
83
What three things do councils have to consider when creating a shoreline management plan?
Impacts of coastal defences on:
- Other locations
- Animal habitats / environment
- Costs and benefits of the scheme
84
What shoreline management plan does Sea Palling have?
Hold the line
85
What shoreline management plan does Happisburgh have?
Retreat the line (managed retreat)
86
Why is coastal hazard mapping good?
- Gives warnings
- People know what places will be affected
- Allows emergency services to plan
- Plan building
87
What are the 4 physical factors that increase vulnerability?
- Magnitude
- Duration
- Predictability
- Regularity
88
What are the 8 social and economic factors that increase vulnerability?
- Wealth
- Education
- Governments
- Age
- Health
- Population Density
- Time of Day/Week/Year
- Emergency services
89
What does LECZ stand for?
Low Elevation Coastal Zones
90
What LECZ have you studied?
The Maldives and Egypt
91
What does SIDS stand for?
Small Island Developing States
92
What SIDS have you studied?
The Maldives
93
What are the 3 main impacts of sea level rise in the Nile Delta?
- Cities, such as Alexandria, will be underwater
- There will be more Salination (More salt in the soil therefore crops will struggle to grow)
- Environmental Refugees
94
What are the impacts of sea level rise on the Maldives?
SEE p73 OF THE REVISION GUIDE
95
How can the risks of sea level rise on the Maldives be managed?
SEE p73 OF THE REVISION GUIDE
96
Why are coastal communities in the future vulnerable?
- 200 million people worldwide live in coastal communities this is due to increase
- 1m sea level rise predicted
- People will have to find ways to either adapt or abandon coastal areas
- Governments cannot defend everything
- Increased coastal erosion
- More tropical storms
97
Why is monitoring extreme weather important?
Being able to predict extreme weather
98
Why is hazard mapping important?
To know what areas will be affected
99
Who reacts to hazards and have had the training and resources to deal with it?
Emergency services
100
In the UK who monitors and makes flood forecasts?
The Flood Forecasting Centre
101
Who informs the UK public of these forecasts?
The Environmental Agency
102
Who produces hazard maps?
The Environmental Agency
103
Limestone is a sedimentary rock. How was limestone formed?
Dead remains of marine organisms
104
What limestone landscape did we study?
Yorkshire Dales
105
What limestone landscape location specifically did you study?
Malham Cove
106
How are limestone pavements formed?
Scouring action of glaciers
107
How are caverns formed?
Underground caves that have been hollowed out by the action of underground streams, carbonation and solution
108
Why is sheep farming the only type of farming that is possible in limestone areas?
Poor, thin soil
109
TRUE OR FALSE: Limestone is excellent for buildings and the houses of parliament have been built using it
True
110
What do we mean by population density?
How many people live in a certain area. Usually measured in people per square kilometre
111
An area where lots of people live is called…
Densely populated
112
An area where few people live is called…
Sparsely populated
113
What do we mean by ‘sphere of influence’?
The area of which a geographical feature or event is able to create an impact. These impacts can be good or bad
114
What does the word rural mean?
Countryside
115
What does the word urban mean?
City
116
What is the urban-rural continuum?
A continuum or transect along which all settlements are placed that go from rural to urban
117
What are the 4 different types of rural place?
- Deep Green
- Rapid Change
- Leisure and amenity
- Coastal Retirement
118
Give 3 reasons why people want to live in a rural location
- Less Traffic
- Safer for young children
- Beautiful scenery
119
What do we mean by commuting?
Travelling to work
120
Give 3 factors that have impacted commuting patterns
- Cost of public transport
- Rising cost of fuel
- Flexible working hours
- Fuel efficient cars
- Housing prices in cities
121
What is carrying capacity?
The ability of a landscape or ecosystem to absorb the activity of people without any lasting damage. Some ecosystems have larger carrying capacities than others
122
How is the amount of visitors to the Gower managed?
- Designated footpaths to provide access for visitors
- Information boards at Oxwich bay nature reserve to inform visitors of unique features of the area
- Clearly marked car parks to reduce people parking on grass verges
- Strict control over building and planning
123
How is the Brecon Beacons managed?
- 15 km of paths were improved
| - Re-vegetation of soil
124
Give two examples of upland areas of the UK
- Snowdonia
| - Scottish Highlands
125
How are Limestone landscapes formed?
Limestone sediment derived from the remains of dead animals on the sea bed
126
What are the lines going across the world map called?
Latitude
127
What are the lines going down the world map called?
Longitude
128
Give 3 reasons why the number of commuters have increased since the 1960’s
- Growth of motorway network
| - Cheaper mass produced - Fast rail links
129
What is the main issue facing towns and cities due to the increased numbers of commuters?
Traffic
130
Give 3 potential solutions to traffic
- Park and Ride schemes
- Bus lanes
- Cycle routes
- Flexi work hours
131
What are the 2 key issues Oxford faces?
- Traffic
| - Very high house prices
132
What do we mean by 2nd home?
- Somebody lives in one home but has another they use for holidays or to rent out
- Usually in rural or coastal areas
133
What key issue does 2nd home ownership create for local people trying to buy houses?
Rural house prices increase and young local people struggle to afford them
134
2nd homes that are being rented out as holiday homes are problems for local people because...
In the winter they are empty so local services start declining
135
Give an example of a remote rural area
Scottish Highlands
136
What problems are remote rural areas facing?
- Low incomes and part time work leading to deprivation (poverty/poor)
- Lack of services eg. health services, schools, adult education and infrequent public transport leading to depopulation
137
What do we mean by ‘sustainable community’?
A community which is able to support the needs of all its residents with minimal environmental impacts
138
Give 4 ways we can create sustainable rural communities
- Ensuring public transport is available for the times the community needs it
- Securing investment from companies to create jobs in rural areas
- Fast and reliable internet connection
- Village services being encouraged to stay open by getting everyone to use them
- Promoting the use of renewable energy within the rural area
139
What do we mean by an ageing population?
- A high proportion of people over the age of 65
140
Give 3 consequences of an ageing population
- Elderly people require more healthcare this is expensive
- More money needed for state pensions,
- More people are needed to work in health and social care services
141
Give 2 ways we can respond to an ageing population
- Increase the retirement age
| - Encourage people to pay into a pension scheme from a young age
142
Why have we got an ageing population? Give 4 reasons
- Better healthcare so a longer life expectancy
- Less dangerous jobs
- Good availability of food
- Expensive to have children
143
What is counter-urbanisation?
The movement of people out of towns and cities to rural areas
144
What has happened to the population of the UK?
It has grown
145
What are the 4 social factors that have affected population change?
- Healthcare
- Marriage - people marry late so don't have as many kids
- Culture - people delay having kids so they can have less
- Ageing population
146
What are the 3 economic factors that have affected population change?
- High cost of raising a family
- Maternity pay
- Career
147
What are the 4 political factors that have affected population change?
- Contraception
- Maternity/paternity rights
- MIgration
- Vaccination programmes
148
What are the reasons for people migrating to the UK?
- Jobs
- Stable political system
- Good health service
- Better rates of pay
- Good education system
149
What are the reasons for internal/domestic migration in the UK?
- Cost of housing
- Change of lifestyle e.g retirement
- In search of work to further their career
- Locate near family
150
Give 3 positive impacts of both internal/domestic migration and international into the UK
- More young adults paying taxes
- Many low paid unskilled jobs that UK citizens do not want to do are filled.
- Diversity and culture means the UK has a greater range of foods, restaurants etc.
151
Give 3 negative impacts of both internal/domestic migration and international into the UK
- An increase in birth rate
- House price increases in popular areas
- Strain on schools
152
Does the UK need to build more homes?
Yes
153
What garden city did we study?
Ebbsfleet, Kent
154
What eco homes example did we study?
BedZed, Surrey
155
What does 'sustainable community' mean?
A community which is designed to have minimal impact on the environment
156
Give 5 features of a sustainable community?
- Local jobs nearby
- Public transport available
- Use of green technologies
- Facilities for people of all ages
- Affordable housing
- Some buildings designed for elderly people
- Built on brownfield rather than a green field site
157
What is the Egan Wheel?
It shows the criteria to judge a sustainable community
158
What is a greenfield site?
An area of land that has not been used before for building
159
Give 1 advantage of developing on a greenfield site
Quick and easy to build on, cheaper than building on a brownfield site
160
Give 1 disadvantage of developing on a greenfield site
- Animal habitats destroyed
- Urban Sprawl
- Protesters
161
What example did we study of greenfield site developments?
Oxford's green belt
162
What is a brownfield site?
An area of land that has been previously built upon
163
Give 1 advantage of developing on a brownfield site.
Not using greenfield site, can transform a place that was in decline
164
Give 1 disadvantage of developing on a brownfield site.
More expensive to build on as you may have to remove toxic materials
165
What example did we study of a brownfield site development?
Ipswich Waterfront Development
166
What does CBD stand for?
Central Business District
167
What are the 5 economic factors have changed retailing?
- Home delivery firms
- Congestion in cities
- Free parking at out of town retail parks
- High parking costs in city centres
- Monthly wages
168
What 2 cultural factors have changed retailing?
- Car-dependent society
| - Bulk buying
169
What 4 technological factors have changed retailing?
- High broadband speeds
- Sophisticated websites
- Online only retailers
- Internet Banking
170
What are 4 benefits of out of town shopping centres?
- Large free car parking
- Near major road junctions
- Room for expansion
- Cheaper land values
- Near suburban housing estates
171
What are 4 costs of out of town shopping centres?
- Attracts shoppers away from CBD
- Cause congestion on surrounding roads
- Chain stores
- Land use conflict with other developments such as business parks
172
What are 4 benefits of internet shopping?
- Convenient and cheaper
- Purchase products you can’t buy locally
- Less time consuming
- Reduction in traffic congestion
- Delivery jobs
173
What are 4 costs of internet shopping?
- Not everyone has the internet
- Difficult to return products
- CBD lose trade and therefore job loses
- Delivery vans mean more traffic congestion
- Online card fraud
174
Give 5 ways that Lancaster CBD fought back
- New paving in pedestrianised areas
- New street furniture
- Signage (Wayfinding)
- Market day on Wednesday
- Secure bike racks
- Trees planted
175
What does the word urbanisation mean?
The growth of towns and cities
176
How many residents does a city need to have before it is called a ‘megacity’?
10 million
177
TRUE OR FALSE: Many of the worlds fastest growing cities are expected to be in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia
True
178
What does the word globalisation mean?
The global web of links between countries involving people, trade, ideas and culture
179
What are global cities?
Cities that play an important role in the global economic system of finance and trade
180
What 5 features do global cities have
- Finance & Trade
- Governance and decision making
- Media and information (Ideas, Information, innovation),
- Migration Cultural centres (Diversity)
- Transport hubs
181
What are the push factors that have caused rural to urban migration in Mumbai your NIC city example
- Countryside areas are poor
- Lack of healthcare
- Limited job opportunities
- Poor sanitation
Pull - Job opportunities, Cheap rail travel, More educational opportunities
182
What are the pull factors that have caused rural to urban migration in Mumbai your NIC city example
- Job opportunities
- Cheap rail travel
- More educational opportunities
183
What connections does Mumbai have to the rest of the world?
- Mumbai international airport
- Tata Steel
- Bollywood
184
What types of jobs do the people that live in extreme poverty in Mumbai do?
Informal jobs
185
What is the name of Mumbai’s biggest slum?
Dharavi
186
Give 2 urban challenges Mumbai faces
- Reducing poverty and deprivation
| - Housing (Chawls, Squatter Homes-Slums, Pavement Dwellers.)
187
The HIC global city of Cardiff has a large sphere of influence that connects it to the rest of the world give 3 examples of how
- International airport
- The Principality Stadium (Millennium Stadium)
- Admiral
- BBC TV Programmes such as Dr Who
188
TRUE OR FALSE: Cardiff has a large Somali community
True
189
TRUE OR FALSE: Cardiff does not have a congestion problem
False
190
TRUE OR FALSE: Cardiff has many commuters from the surrounding areas
True
191
Give 2 urban challenges that Cardiff faces
- Reducing congestion
- Reducing poverty
- Reducing deprivation in Butetown
192
How are interlocking spurs formed?
- In the upper course, more vertical erosion
- The river cuts down into the valley
- If there are areas of hard rock (harder to erode), the river will bend around them
193
How do meanders form?
- Rover erodes the outside of the bend more as the water flows faster
- The more erosion, the tighter the bend
194
How are oxbow lakes formed?
- These form when the river channel breaks through the neck instead of going round the meander - this is the "slower" route
- It becomes a horseshoe lake
195
How are waterfalls formed?
- Hard rock overhangs soft rock > it falls down due to gravity
- Rocks fall into plunge pool
- Erodes the plunge pool backwards
- Process repeats, forming a gorge
196
How are flood plains formed?
- In the lower course
| - Sediment is deposited and forms a floodplain
197
How are levees formed?
- When a river floods, energy is lost
- Largest materials are deposited first
- Builds up, height increases etc.
198
How are wave-cut platforms formed?
- Sea attacks the bass of the cliff
- A wave-cut notch is formed by erosion (dent in the cliff at high tide)
- As notch gets bigger, the cliff becomes unstable
- It collapses > cliff retreats
- Backwash carries away eroded material, leaving a WCP
- As the cliff retreats, this repeats
199
How are headlands and bays formed?
- Formed on discordant coastlines
| - Soft rock gets eroded quicker than hard rock
200
How are cracks, caves, arches, stacks and stumps formed?
- Hydraulic action
| - Crack becomes cave, cave becomes arch etc.
201
How are rock pools/potholes formed?
- Small pebbles spin around in cracks, making the holes bigger w/ abrasion
- Sediment scours the floor
202
How is a beach formed?
LSD
| - When constructive waves lose their energy the sand etc. is deposited in sheltered areas (eg. bays)
203
How are spits formed?
- Prevailing wind blows at an angle to the coastline
- Sediment is carried by LSD and moves along the beach via swash and backwash
- When there's a change in the coastline's shape, deposition happens
204
How are bars formed?
- A spit can grow across a bay, joining 2 headlands (THE BAR)
- They can trap lagoons lakes behind the bar (might end up being filled with sediment/dry up)
