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Embryology > Complications Of Sex > Flashcards

Complications Of Sex Flashcards

1
Q

Sex

A

Blending genetic characteristics of two individuals of the n^th generation to create the (n+1)^th generation

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2
Q

Disadvantages of sex

A

You need to find a partner

A ‘perfect’ set of genes cannot be passed on undiluted to the next generation

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3
Q

Advantages of sex

A

Each individual has a new mix of genes that give it immunity to pathogens

Each individual has a new mix of genes that determine its environmental interaction and allow it to adapt to changing environments

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4
Q

Innate instability of sexual reproduction

A

Some organisms reduce the size of their gametes in order to make a higher number for less resources

In response the opposite sex must make less, larger gametes in response to this

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5
Q

Purpose of sexual reproduction

A

To blend characteristics

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6
Q

In humans, females

A

Produce relatively few, large gametes (ova); tends to provide nurture (yolk, placenta and milk)

A huge amount of energy is used

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7
Q

In humans, males

A

Produce many small gametes -> provides nurture behaviourally no not at all

Very small amount of energy used

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8
Q

Germ line

A

Set of cells set aside early in embryonic development used to produce gametes

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9
Q

Somatic cells

A

Cannot produce gametes - are not passed onto the next generation

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10
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Huge amounts of mitosis through proliferation of germ line to produce cells which will become sperm

These cells then undergo two meiotic cell divisions to make haploid cells

Which then differentiate to become mature spermatoza

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11
Q

<2x10^7 sperm per ml of semen

A

Classified as subfertility

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12
Q

Mitotic proliferation

A

Takes place on the basal side of the tubule

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13
Q

Meiosis

A

Makes haploid cells -> consists of two consecutive divisions

Division one yields 2n cells -> division two yields haploid n cells

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14
Q

Maturation of the sperm

A

The nucleus contains genes which condense down even further than normal due to special proteins allowing the sperm head to become even smaller

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15
Q

Acrosome

A

Head body - becomes the very front of the sperm as it matures - formed from the Golgi apparatus

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16
Q

Centrioles

A

Nucleate the production of the flagellum

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17
Q

Mitochondria

A

Become organised to be the mid piece which provides power to the sperm

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18
Q

Sertoli cells

A

Developing spermatozoa are tucked into pockets of Sertoli cells,act as maids nurse maids and look after sperm cells while that are differentiating then release them

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19
Q

Tight junctions between epithelial cells in the testes are important as

A

The immune system doesn’t recognise sperm as they are only produced after puberty -> it would attack the sperm making cells if the junction didn’t keep them separate

20
Q

Inflammation of the testes

A

Can affect the tissue of the tight junctions and result in infertility problems as the immune system attacks sperm cells -> occurs in mumps

21
Q

Lumen

A

Where sperm cells are moved up into after being nursed by Sertoli cells

22
Q

Epididymis

A

Where sperm flow into after the lumen -> they become activated here

23
Q

Superman are activated in

A

The epididymis by liquid secreted by seminiferous tubules

24
Q

Epididymis alters the seminal fluid by

A

Secreting factors such as fructose, glycoproteins etc. Which activate the sperm and make them capable of swimming when triggered by factors in the female reproductive tract

25
Q

Adult women

A

Do not have germ line stem cells -> so do not have constant mitotic proliferation occuring

26
Q

Female foetuses

A

Have germ line stem cells

27
Q

All mitotic division in females

A

Occur in foetal life

28
Q

In females there is a pause

A

Halfway through meiosis one for 12-50 years

29
Q

Completion of meiosis one in females occurs

A

from menarche to menopause

30
Q

Primordial follicle

A

Granulosa cells surround the oocyte and form a simple epithelium

31
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Produced by the pituitary gland at puberty

Some cells respond by developing primary follicles

32
Q

Primary follicles

A

Oocyte becomes linked to well defined granulosa cells by cytoplasmic bridges

Produce mRNA and rRNA but does not complete cell division

33
Q

Granulosa cells in the primary follicle

A

Gives oocyte metabolic help by binding to it

34
Q

Primary follicle stage lasts

A

85 days

35
Q

Ripening follicle

A

Granulosa cells make multilayered structure and begin to secrete follicular fluid which blows up the cell and creates antrum

36
Q

Antrum

A

Fluid formed cavity in the ripening follicle

37
Q

Zona pellucida

A

Clear, jelly like liquid secreted by the oocyte

38
Q

Hormone LH

A

Must be received at a critical part of the menstrual cycle in order for the developing follicle to survive

Released by the pituitary gland

39
Q

Result of surge of LH

A

Increased fluid build up in antral stage

Oocyte cuts ties with the granulosa -> moves to edge of follicle and digests its way out to enter the Fallopian tube

40
Q

Meiosis II is not completed unless

A

Fertilisation occurs

41
Q

The remains of the follicle once the oocyte has broken out is the

A

Corpus Luteum

42
Q

Corpus luteum

A

Produces progesterone and oestrogen which prepare the lining of the uterus to receive an embryo

43
Q

Unless a women is pregnant

A

The corpus luteum dies in around a week and the menstrual cycle restarts

44
Q

Oestrogen

A

Prepares the uterine lining

45
Q

Progesterone

A

Prepares uterine lining for pregnancy

46
Q

Oogenesis can be stimulated by

A

Blocking oestrogen (as this drives production of FSH) or giving FSH

Embryology (6 decks)

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