Compliance Flashcards
Explain the three R’s
Guzman (2002) argues under rational choice theory, when games are iterated then this can lead forces that encourage co-operation.
The Pay off structure changes in the long run. Failure to comply can lead to one of the three outcomes:
- Retaliation
- Reciprocation
- Reputation
e.g. Repeated connection between the US and the Soviet Union allowed co-operation to take place. Each valued co-operation not just because the present payoff but because the the future.
Define Reciprocity
In response to a violation, states may withdraw their own compliance with an international agreement because once the violation takes place the agreement ceases to serve their interests.
A reciprocal action is not costly to the reciprocating state. It is instead an adjustment in a state’s behavior motivated by a desire to maximize the state’s payoffs in light of new circumstances or information.
Will often be taken without the intent to sanction a violator.
Define Retaliation
“Retaliation,” in contrast, describes actions that are costly to the retaliating state and intended to punish the violating party.
Economic, diplomatic, or even military sanctions.
Explain Reputation in terms of bargaining theory.
To illustrate how a good reputation can be valuable to a state, think of a state’s reputation as an estimate of its discount rate.
When a state violates a rule of international law, it may suffer a reputational loss as other states adjust their beliefs. A state with a better reputation is believed to be more patient and, therefore, more willing to comply with international law and sacrifice current gains in exchange for the ability to credibly enter into cooperative arrangements in the future.
Because states cannot rely on external enforcement, reputation represents one of the few ways to make promises credible.
What does Hafner-Burton (2008) find about human rights abuses?
Naming and shaming is not all cheap talk.
They increase the political rights after being critiqued. They sometimes even hold elections or pass pluralism or enfranchisement.
However political terror does not decrease, sometimes it increases.
When will naming and shaming have unwanted effects.
The government might not want lose control of its position if the International community shames it.
For example Robbert Mugabe was a concerned about his international status, but tortured opposition Morgan Tsvangirai and his supports in order to win election.
Similarly in 2008 the Chinese Olympics caused the international community to air human rights concerns. The lead to the government increasing oppression so some citizens where too scared to air their grievances.
Why might Hafner-Burton have found these results.
Some agents of Terror are outside of centralised control, terror groups and police on the ground.
They may dampen down abuses that allow them to dodge the claim/ Other increase those that are involved in blocking the path to reform.
give an example of Hafner-Burton findings
In June 1993 Chief Moshood won the Nigerian presidential election.
In July, Nigeria ratified the UN Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
During the next five years Abacha jailed his critics, gunned down protesters, and suspended the Con- stitution
The world shone a spotlight on Nigeria for these abuses+ Amnesty International
and Human Rights Watch published dozens of press releases and background reports.
Abacha became concerned about the global spotlight on him+ In reaction to the bad public- ity, he issued a video and book, entitled “Not in Our Character”
Abacha died of a heart attack, General Abubakar took over.
He opened public investigations into Nigeria’s past human rights abuses. He fired some of the top military and customs officials and took actions to reduce government corruption. He restructured police.
However Human rights abuses went up, 1,000 and over we’re killed in transition.
What are the causes of non compliance?
Non compliance doesn’t happen offend, generally countries stick to International agreements. When they do break down it is normally Admin based:
1) ambiguity in treaties
2) capacity limitations
3) uncontrollable social or Economic
Why is retaliation not used often.
It embosses costs to though that have complied without deterring the defective agent enough to be worth it.
