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Complexation (Module 8) Flashcards

1
Q

Characterizes the covalent and noncovalent interactions between two or more compounds that are capable of independent existence

A

Complexation

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2
Q

What happens to the physical and chemical properties of the complexing species once complexation occurs?

A

The properties are altered or changed.

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3
Q

Products of complexations (compounds formed from covalent and noncovalent interactions between two or more compounds that are capable of independent existence).

A

Complexes (coordination compounds)

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4
Q

Part of the complex that interacts with another molecule or substrate

A

Ligand

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5
Q

Forms another molecule with the ligand

A

Substrate

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6
Q

What happens during a covalent bond / interaction?

A

There is a sharing of electrons

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7
Q

List types of non covalent interactions

A

Van der Waals forces, Dipolar forces, Electrostatic forces, Hydrogen bonding, Charge transfer, Hydrophobic interactions

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8
Q

Results during a covalent interaction with a complex

A

Donor-acceptor mechanism or Lewis acid-base reaction

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9
Q

(Part of Lewis Electron Theory) molecule or ion that accepts an electron pair to form covalent bonds (electron acceptor)

A

Acid

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10
Q

(Part of Lewis Electron Theory) donates the pair of unshared electrons by which the base coordinates with an acid (electron donor)

A

Base

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11
Q

Formed from the combination of a Lewis Acid and a Lewis Base

A

Coordinate covalent bond

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12
Q

Properties that are altered in a complexing species once complexation occurs

A

Solubility, Stability, Partitioning, energy absorption and emission, conductance of the drug

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13
Q

Beneficial property of drug complexation (theophylline complexation with ethylenediamine to form aminophylline)

A

Enhanced aqueous solubility

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14
Q

Beneficial property of drug complexation (inclusion complexes of labile drugs with cyclodextrins)

A

Stability

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15
Q

Beneficial property of drug complexation (affect distribution of drug in body after systemic administration as a result of protein binding)

A

Optimization of delivery system (e.g ion-exchange resins)

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16
Q

In some instances, complexation can lead to…

A

Poor solubility (e.g tetracycline combines with calcium ions can lead to enlarging of its molecules, thus decreasing solubility)

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17
Q

Drug complexation with hydrophilic compounds also can enhance…

A

Excretion

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18
Q

How can drug molecules with hydrophilic compounds enhance excretion?

A

An increase of water solubility will lead to the body releasing enzymes that will convert the drug to a hydrophilic form -> hydrophilic drug will then be directly excreted by the kidneys

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19
Q

How can complexes alter the pharmacologic activity of the drug agent?

A

By inhibiting interactions with receptors

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20
Q

Type of complexation that is consisted of covalent interactions

A

Metal Ion Complexes (Coordination Complexes)

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21
Q

What are the classifications of Metal Ion Complexes?

A

Inorganic Type and Chelates

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22
Q

Type of complexation that is consisted of non covalent interactions

A

Organic Molecular Complexes and Inclusion/Occlusion compounds

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23
Q

What are the classifications of Organic Molecular Complexes?

A

Drug Complexes and Polymer Type

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24
Q

What are the classifications of Inclusion/Occlusion Compounds?

A

Channel lattice type, Layer type, Clathrates, Monomolecular type (Cyclodextrins)

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25
Covalent interaction that is the product of a Lewis acid-base reaction (wherein neutral anions bond to a central metal atom)
Inorganic Type
26
Usually a non-metallic atom or ion that can donate an electron pair (lewis base)
Donor (ligand)
27
Constituent that accepts a share in the pair of electrons, is frequently a metallic ion, although can also be a neutral atom - electrons by which the base coordinates with an acid (lewis acid)
Acceptor (substrate)
28
Sample ligands
water, ammonia, and chloride ions
29
In K4[Fe(CN)6] , which is the ligand or lewis base?
CN - Cyanide
30
In K4[Fe(CN)6] , which is the acceptor or lewis acid?
Fe- - Iron
31
In K4[Fe(CN)6] , which neutralizes the complex compound?
K - Potassium
32
Number of ligands (lewis base) attached to the metal ion
Coordination number
33
Types of Ligands (determined from how many pairs of electrons are available for sharing)
Unidentate, Bidentate, and Polydentate
34
Type of ligand that has a single pair of electrons (basic group) for bonding with metal ion
Unidentate ligand
35
Type of ligand that has two donor sites that can share with a metal ion
Bidentate Ligand
36
Type of ligand that has multiple binding sites that can share with a metal ion
Polydentate or Multidentate Ligand
37
Compound containing a ligand (typically organic) bonded to a central metal atom at two or more points (multidentate ligand)
Chelate
38
Examples of naturally occurring chelates
Hemoglobin and Chlorophyll
39
Pharmaceutical chelates that have proven to be useful agents in the treatment of cancer
Cisplatin and Carboplatin (Platinum Complexes)
40
The cobalt ion is situated in the center of the conjugated corrin ring structure
Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12)
41
Organic compounds that can assimilate and fic metallic ions and thus remove them from the body
Chelating agents
42
What are chelating agents most especially useful for?
Helping in cases against poisoning and tissue damage from metals
43
Good examples of chelating agents?
EDTA ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid and BAL, or British Anti-Lewisite
44
How can chelating agents isolate and remove damage caused by metallic ions?
Through coordinate covalent bonds / lewis acid-base theory (chelating agents injected in the body have an open pair of electrons that the metals can bind to)
45
Formed between a non covalent interaction between ligand and substrate
Organic Molecular Complexes
46
(Example of Drug Complexes) forms insoluble complexes, making caffeine less soluble which provides caffeine in a form that masks its normal bitter taste
Caffeine + organic acid anions
47
(Examples of Drug Complexes) insoluble complex or less soluble caffeine, masking bitter taste and converting the complex into a chewable caffeine tablet - this also provides the caffeine tablet an extended release form
Caffeine + gentisic acid (organic acid)
48
(Examples of Drug Complexes) forms a complex that improves drug absorption and bioavailability - presence of sodium salicylate with benzocaine significantly influences the release of benzocaine
Benzocaine + sodium salicylate
49
(Example of Polymer Type) comprised of Aerodine, Betadine
Povidone (polymer) + iodine = povidone - iodine
50
What is Povidone (polyvinylpyrrolidone, PVD) commonly used for?
Used in the pharmaceutical industry as a synthetic polymer vehicle for dispersing and suspending drugs
51
What does iodine do in the povidone - iodine complex?
An antiseptic that slows povidone's release, thus reducing the drug's painful effects
52
Formed between interacting molecules in which guest molecules are entrapped in a host molecule through the unique molecular architecture of the host
Inclusion compounds or complexes
53
Architecture of this type of Inclusion Compound forms channels that holds entrapped molecules
Channel Lattice Type
54
Type of Channel Lattice Type that has crystals of complexing molecules within such channels.
Deoxycholic acid
55
What compounds can Deoxycholic acid combine with? (e.g deoxycholic acid + camphor)
paraffins, organic acids, esters, ketones, and aromatic compounds
56
Type of Channel Lattice type that has a channel-like structure enclosing unbranched paraffin, organic acids, alcohols, ketones
Urea and thiourea
57
Type of Channel Lattice Type that has a channel-like complex that entraps iodine molecules within the spirals of the glucose residues
Starch-iodine (bluish black color indicates presence of glucose molecules)
58
Architecture of this type of Inclusion Compound resembles that of stacked layers or levels
Layer Type
59
Type of Layer Type compound complexes that entraps hydrocarbons, alcohols, and glycols between the layers of its lattices
Montmorillonite
60
Type of Layer Type compound complexes that intercalates compounds between its lattices
Graphite
61
Architecture of this Inclusion Compound resembles that of a cage-like lattice
Clathrates
62
Type of Clathrate crystals that trap methanol, CO2, and HCL but not smaller and larger molecules
Hydroquinone
63
Type of Clathrate that is a clathrate of water, isopropyl alcohol, and sodium warfarin
Warfarin sodium USP
64
Architecture of this Inclusion compound is usually compounds of 6 molecules of glucose that forms a donut/cone shaped structure
Cyclodextrins (monomolecular inclusion compounds)
65
Used to trap, stabilize, and solubilize sulfonamides, tetracyclines, morphine, aspirin, benzocaine, ephedrine, reserpine, and testosterone
Cyclodextrin (CD)
66
How can Cyclodextrins effect labile complexes?
Cyclodextrins can help encase the fragile complexes within itself and thus make it more stable in water
67
What are the three types of Cyclodextrins?
α-cyclodextrin (alpha), β-cyclodextrin (beta), and γ-cyclodextrin (gamma)
68
What types of Cyclodextrins are most useful for pharmacy?
Beta and Gamma cyclodextrins because they have a bigger cavity within them (seven and eight glucose units)
69
Type of Cyclodextrin that increases reactivity
Gamma CD + Mitomycin C and Beta CD + indomethacin
70
Type of Cyclodextrin that increases aqueous solubility
Cyclodextrin + retinoic acid
71
Type of Cyclodextrin that increases in dissolution rate of famotidine and tolbutamide
CD + famotidine and CD + tolbutamide
72
Type of Cyclodextrin that allows efficient transport of hormone into the circulation via sublingual route
Amorphous derivatives of Beta CD and Gamma CD + testosterone
73
Type of Cyclodextrin that produce a sustained release effect
Water-soluble diltiazem (calcium channel blocker) and isosorbide dinitrate + ethylated Beta CD
74
Type of Cyclodextrin that suppresses bitter taste in oral liquid suspensions
Femoxetine complex + Beta CD
75
Plays an important role in the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics of a drug
Drug-protein binding
76
The binding of drugs can influence their actions in many ways, such as:
Facilitate the distribution of the drug throughout the body, inactivate the drug by decreasing free drug available for protein binding, retard the excretion of the drug
77
What happens to highly protein-bound drugs once they enter the system?
They tend to remain mainly in the systemic circulation and have a relatively low volume of distribution as opposed to binding with adipose tissue
78
Which between bound drugs or unbound drugs have a pharmacological effect?
The unbound drugs
79
What does protein binding do to the biological half-life in the body?
It lengthens it
80
What size of molecules can proteins interact with?
Small molecules as a result of H-bonding between donor and acceptor functional group in amino acid sequence
81
Proteins interact with small molecules
H-bonding
82
Occur between charge amino acids with oppositely charge ligand molecules
Electrostatic interactions
83
Dipole-dipole, dipole induced dipole, dispersion forces
Van der Waals interactions
84
Interfacial phenomenon that results of attraction between nonpolar (hydrophobic) groups with water molecules
Hydrophobic interaction
85
Serves as an osmotic agent for the regulation of pressure differences between intracellular and extracellular fluids. It also has the ability to bind to many different types of molecules
Albumin
86
Preferably binds with basic drugs
Alpha-acid glycoprotein
87
Primarily responsible for the binding and transport of plasma lipids, where basic lipophilic drugs bind
Lipoproteins
88
(Quiz) Included in the formulation of chewable caffeine tablets that is combines with caffeine to mask its bitter taste?
Gentisic acid
89
(Quiz) Drugs that are NOT bound to proteins in the blood are...?
Active
90
Phenobarbital is a drug that is weakly acidic, into which protein in the blood will it predominantly combine?
Albumin
91
(Quiz) Drug that prevents ulcer that has insolubility problems, but when complexed with cyclodextrin, its solubility is enhances
Famotidine
92
(Quiz) Has cage-like structures
Clathrates
93
(Quiz) What inclusion compound is the starch-iodine complex classified?
Channel Lattice Type
94
(Quiz) Metal ion found in chlorophyll
Magnesium
95
(Quiz) Ligands that have two donor sites
Bidentate
96
(Quiz) Bond involved in the binding of chelating agents with metal ions
Covalent bonding

Physical Pharmacy (Lecture) (3 decks)

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