Complex: Neurological Flashcards
Neuro: A positive glucose finding from fluid found from the eyes, ears, or nose is an indication of…
Cerebrospinal fluid usually as a result of a traumatic brain injury
Neuro: Describe the common manifestations following a concussion
Brief loss of consciousness, headache, retrograde amnesia
Multiple concussions are shown to cause chronic traumatic encephalopathy, leading to changes in behavior and mental health
Neuro: Describe the primary and secondary injuries that occur as a contusion
Coup and Contracoup
Coup refers to the primary injury endured on impact and the secondary injury endured on the opposite side of the brain is called a contracoup
Neuro: Describe the characteristics of Cushing’s Triad
Cushing’s triad refers to a set of signs that are indicative of increased intracranial pressure (ICP), or increased pressure in the brain. Cushing’s triad consists of bradycardia, irregular respirations, and a widened pulse pressure
Neuro: Describe early and late signs of increased intracranial pressure
Early: Restlessness, agitation, change in level of consciousness, mental status change, vomiting without nausea
Late: irregular breathing, seizures, posturing, fixed & dilated pupils, coma, cushing’s triad
Neuro: Describe the differences in the manifestations of cerebral hematomas
Epidural Hematoma- Intermittent lucidity and then sudden loss of consciousness
Subdural Hematoma
Acute- gradual decrease in alertness that develops over 48 hr.
Subacute- neurologic deficits that increase up to 2 weeks after the initial head injury.
Chronic- decreases in cognitive perception over several months after the initial head injury.
Intracerebral hematoma- hemorrhagic stroke
Neuro: Describe Cheyne Stokes respirations
A respiratory pattern that involves a period of fast, shallow breathing followed by slow, heavier breathing and moments without any breath at all
Cheyne Stokes is a late sign of increased intracranial pressure
Neuro: Explain the ICPS acronym for use of a patient with an ICP monitor
ICPS is the acronym used to remember ways to prevent spikes in intracranial pressure
I- immobilize the C-spine
C- keep CO2 low in order to prevent vasodilation
P- keep head of bed 30-45 degrees
S- limit the amount of times you suction, hyperventilate when you do suction, and limit attempt to less than 10 seconds.
Neuro: Describe levels of consciousness using the Glascow Coma Scale (GCS)
The higher the score on the GCS, the less severe the impact of an injury.
13-15 = mild
9-12 = moderate
3-8 = severe
A decrease in the GCS score is a priority for reporting to the doctor because it indicates a decrease in level of consciousness
Neuro: Describe the use of Mannitol for management of ICP including side effects
Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic that elevates blood plasma osmolality, resulting in enhanced flow of water from tissues, including the brain and cerebrospinal fluid, into interstitial fluid and plasma. However, it can also cause fluid to shift into the interstitial space leading to peripheral edema and if not treated, heart failure
Neuro: Describe the rationale for slowly decreasing blood pressure of a hypertensive patient who is recovering from a stroke
Patients who experience a hypertensive stroke should have careful management of their blood pressure so that a pseudo hypotensive state is not induced. This is done by slowly decreasing the systolic pressure over a period of 24-48 hours.
Neuro: Describe the goal times for tPA treatment for an embolic stroke
The goal for treating an embolic stroke with tPA are time oriented. Best practice is to start tPA within 4 hours of last known well time and within 60 minutes of arrival at treatment center
Neuro: Describe autonomic dysreflexia and the priority actions for treatment
Autonomic dysreflexia is a emergent condition that occurs in people with a spinal cord injury occurring at level T5-T6 who are experiencing a stimulus somewhere below the level of injury. Patients present with a sudden increase in blood pressure, decreased heart rate, anxiety, headache, diaphoresis, and skin flushing above the injury site.
The priority action is to eliminate the source of stimuli and then treat the symptoms caused by the condition.
Common stimuli include a blocked urinary catheter, full bladder, urinary tract infection, fecal impaction, tight clothing, and many other possible stimuli.
Neuro: Describe the priority for caring for patients with known seizure disorder
Patient safety is the priority for seizure patients. This includes padded bedrails, bed in lowest position, suction set up, side-lying position
Shock: Describe what is unique about neurogenic shock compared to other types of shock
Neurogenic shock occurs in patients with a high level spinal cord injury. Unlike other types of shock, patients in neurogenic shock become bradycardic due to the unopposed SNS and PNS