Complex Brain Function

Question 1

What is synonymous for liking circuits?

Answer 1

Hedonic circuits

Question 2

The hypothalamus received what type of inputs from brainstem pancreas intestine and liver?

Answer 2

Anorexigenic and orexigenic

Question 3

What happens when you remove orexigenic neurones?

Answer 3

Cessation of eating followed by death

Question 4

What is the reward circuit experiment 1954?

Answer 4

Used electrodes in different places of the brain and administered electric shocks to see if the rat would administer more shocks. They were able to find network through the brain of reward centres.

Question 5

What is the reward circuit in the brain?

Answer 5

A neural network that receives and evaluated rewarding properties of stimuli

Question 6

In the reward circuit experiment where we’re electrodes to cause robust self stimulation?

Answer 6

Occurs when electrode is along the medial forebrain bundle (MFB)

Question 7

What is NAcc?

Answer 7

Nucleus accumbens

Question 8

What is LH?

Answer 8

Lateral hypothalamus

Question 9

What is the VTA?

Answer 9

Ventral tegmental area

Question 10

What is the mesolimbic dopamine pathway?

Answer 10

A reward circuit includes axons that Travel from the VTA to NAcc

Question 11

Where receives the inputs from the reward circuits?

Answer 11

Hypothalamus

Question 12

Give examples of endogenous opioids?

Answer 12

Encephalins,dynorphins and endorphins

Question 13

What are opioid receptors?

Answer 13

G proteins coupled receptors

Question 14

What opioid receptor subtypes are there?

Answer 14

Mu
Kappa
Dynorphins

Question 15

What are endogenous cannibinoids?

Answer 15

Idk

Question 16

Examples of endogenous cannibinoids?

Answer 16

Anandamide and 2-arachidonoglycerol

Question 17

What are the 2 cannibinoid receptors?

Answer 17

CB1/2

CB1predominantly expressed in the CNS

Question 18

What effect does morphine have on liking responses?

Answer 18

It enhances them

Question 19

What does naloxone cause?

Answer 19

Decreased food intake

Question 20

Name the 4 regions of the nucleus accumbens (NAcc):

Answer 20

Hedonic hotspot
Wanting hotspot
Hedonic cold spot
Dislike decrease zone

Question 21

What does the hedonic hotspot in the NAcc do?

Answer 21

Increase liking

Question 22

What does the wanting hotspot of the NAcc do?

Answer 22

Increase wanting

Question 23

What does the hedonic cold spot of the NAcc do?

Answer 23

Decrease liking

Question 24

What does mu opioid receptors cause in NAcc?

Answer 24

Increased liking reactions

Question 25

What was a Fos plume used for?

Answer 25

Mapping connectivity of the circuit for liking

Question 26

How was the Fos plume experiment carried out?

Answer 26

One area of the animals brain was injected with DAMGO, the brain is then removed and immunohistochemical stain quantifies a protein called c-Fos to see where it is outside of the injection site.

Question 27

What is the protein c-Fos?

Answer 27

A protein expressed when neurones are activated and so increased expression of proteins provides a readout for when neurones are active

Question 28

What happens when you block one opioid hotspot while stimulating another?

Answer 28

Causes suppression of enhanced liking. | Evidence of hotspots being linked.

Question 29

What is the active agent of cannabis?

Answer 29

9,tetrahydrocannibinol

Question 30

What is the mesolimbic pathway?

Answer 30

Dopinergic pathway goes from ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens.

Question 31

What happens when you suppress dopamine?

Answer 31

You suppress wanting actions, it doesn’t suppress the pleasurable hedonic aspect.

Question 32

What are the 6 simple emotions?

Answer 32

Dear anger joy sadness surprise and disgust

Question 33

What is emotion defined as?

Answer 33

Brain function experienced as a strong feeling usually directed toward a specific object. Accompanied by physiological and behavioural changes.

Question 34

What are the key components of emotional biology?

Answer 34

``` Emotional stimuli Sensory systems Emotion system Hypothalamus/brain stem Spinal cord/autonomic ganglia Effector cells Emotional response ```

Question 35

What is transection?

Answer 35

Removal of parts of the brain- used to find out roles of each part.

Question 36

What is the limbic system?

Answer 36

Emotional system controls

Question 37

What is the amygdala?

Answer 37

The emotional centre- interacts with many other nuclei

Question 38

What is conditional fear learning experiment?

Answer 38

You measure a response to a tone and electric shock (freezing time &BP) now administer together several times. Now only play the tone and you get the same effect to BP and freezing time.

Question 39

What do NMDA receptor antagonists do?

Answer 39

Inhibit conditioned fear learning

Question 40

What happens in amygdala atrophy?

Answer 40

Reduced emotional response.

Question 41

What does benzodiazepine do?

Answer 41

Causes GABA channels to be open for longer leading to more inhibition of amygdala. Reducing anxiety.

Question 42

What is anxiety?

Answer 42

An increase of amygdala output due to inappropriate activation.