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Neuroscience Semester 2 > Complex Brain Function > Flashcards

Complex Brain Function Flashcards

1
Q

What is synonymous for liking circuits?

A

Hedonic circuits

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2
Q

The hypothalamus received what type of inputs from brainstem pancreas intestine and liver?

A

Anorexigenic and orexigenic

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3
Q

What happens when you remove orexigenic neurones?

A

Cessation of eating followed by death

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4
Q

What is the reward circuit experiment 1954?

A

Used electrodes in different places of the brain and administered electric shocks to see if the rat would administer more shocks. They were able to find network through the brain of reward centres.

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5
Q

What is the reward circuit in the brain?

A

A neural network that receives and evaluated rewarding properties of stimuli

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6
Q

In the reward circuit experiment where we’re electrodes to cause robust self stimulation?

A

Occurs when electrode is along the medial forebrain bundle (MFB)

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7
Q

What is NAcc?

A

Nucleus accumbens

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8
Q

What is LH?

A

Lateral hypothalamus

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9
Q

What is the VTA?

A

Ventral tegmental area

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10
Q

What is the mesolimbic dopamine pathway?

A

A reward circuit includes axons that Travel from the VTA to NAcc

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11
Q

Where receives the inputs from the reward circuits?

A

Hypothalamus

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12
Q

Give examples of endogenous opioids?

A

Encephalins,dynorphins and endorphins

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13
Q

What are opioid receptors?

A

G proteins coupled receptors

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14
Q

What opioid receptor subtypes are there?

A

Mu
Kappa
Dynorphins

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15
Q

What are endogenous cannibinoids?

A

Idk

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16
Q

Examples of endogenous cannibinoids?

A

Anandamide and 2-arachidonoglycerol

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17
Q

What are the 2 cannibinoid receptors?

A

CB1/2

CB1predominantly expressed in the CNS

18
Q

What effect does morphine have on liking responses?

A

It enhances them

19
Q

What does naloxone cause?

A

Decreased food intake

20
Q

Name the 4 regions of the nucleus accumbens (NAcc):

A

Hedonic hotspot
Wanting hotspot
Hedonic cold spot
Dislike decrease zone

21
Q

What does the hedonic hotspot in the NAcc do?

A

Increase liking

22
Q

What does the wanting hotspot of the NAcc do?

A

Increase wanting

23
Q

What does the hedonic cold spot of the NAcc do?

A

Decrease liking

24
Q

What does mu opioid receptors cause in NAcc?

A

Increased liking reactions

25
Q

What was a Fos plume used for?

A

Mapping connectivity of the circuit for liking

26
Q

How was the Fos plume experiment carried out?

A

One area of the animals brain was injected with DAMGO, the brain is then removed and immunohistochemical stain quantifies a protein called c-Fos to see where it is outside of the injection site.

27
Q

What is the protein c-Fos?

A

A protein expressed when neurones are activated and so increased expression of proteins provides a readout for when neurones are active

28
Q

What happens when you block one opioid hotspot while stimulating another?

A

Causes suppression of enhanced liking.

Evidence of hotspots being linked.

29
Q

What is the active agent of cannabis?

A

9,tetrahydrocannibinol

30
Q

What is the mesolimbic pathway?

A

Dopinergic pathway goes from ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens.

31
Q

What happens when you suppress dopamine?

A

You suppress wanting actions, it doesn’t suppress the pleasurable hedonic aspect.

32
Q

What are the 6 simple emotions?

A

Dear anger joy sadness surprise and disgust

33
Q

What is emotion defined as?

A

Brain function experienced as a strong feeling usually directed toward a specific object. Accompanied by physiological and behavioural changes.

34
Q

What are the key components of emotional biology?

A 
Emotional stimuli 
Sensory systems 
Emotion system 
Hypothalamus/brain stem
Spinal cord/autonomic ganglia 
Effector cells 
Emotional response
35
Q

What is transection?

A

Removal of parts of the brain- used to find out roles of each part.

36
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

Emotional system controls

37
Q

What is the amygdala?

A

The emotional centre- interacts with many other nuclei

38
Q

What is conditional fear learning experiment?

A

You measure a response to a tone and electric shock (freezing time &BP) now administer together several times. Now only play the tone and you get the same effect to BP and freezing time.

39
Q

What do NMDA receptor antagonists do?

A

Inhibit conditioned fear learning

40
Q

What happens in amygdala atrophy?

A

Reduced emotional response.

41
Q

What does benzodiazepine do?

A

Causes GABA channels to be open for longer leading to more inhibition of amygdala. Reducing anxiety.

42
Q

What is anxiety?

A

An increase of amygdala output due to inappropriate activation.

Neuroscience Semester 2 (7 decks)

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