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Comparative Immunology Midterm 2 > Complement System > Flashcards

Complement System Flashcards

1
Q

Who discovered the complement system?

A

Jules Bordet

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2
Q

True or false - the complement system is conserved across invertebrates and vertebrates

A

True

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3
Q

How many different humoral proteins are there?

A

30

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4
Q

What are the three ways the complement system is activated?

A

carbohydrate PAMPS
antibodies bound to microbial antigens
coagulation and fibrinolytic systems

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5
Q

What does the Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) do?

A

punch holes in the microbial membrane to initiate osmotic lysis

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6
Q

What are the 3 pathways of the complement system that lead to the MAC?

A

alternative, lectin binding, classical

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7
Q

Which pathway is the oldest?

A

Alternative

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8
Q

What are the 2 oldest complement genes?

A

Factor B and C3

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9
Q

Gene duplications of C3 lead to?

A

C4 and C5

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10
Q

Gene duplication of Factor B led to?

A

C2

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11
Q

What pathway is 600 MYO?

A

Classical

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12
Q

Gene duplication in the Classical pathways led to?

A

C6-9

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13
Q

What pathway is 900 MYO?

A

Lectin Binding

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14
Q

The lectin binding pathway involves what key gene?

A

MASP

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15
Q

Gene duplication of MASP led to?

A

C1r and C1s

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16
Q

What are the two reasons all these pathway lead to formation of the MAC?

A

redundancy

each targets different molecules so a wide range of pathogen types can be recognized

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17
Q

What complement genes do chickens LACK?

A

C2, C9, MASP1 and properdin

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18
Q

What complement genes do teleost fish LACK?

A

MASP1 & MASP2

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19
Q

Why do we need to look at functional characteristics of complement genes in zebra fish?

A

because they have multiple copies of the same gene and other appear to be homologous to more than one gene

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20
Q

What are the 4 complement proteins produced by the liver?

A

C3, C6, C8 and Factor B

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21
Q

What are the 8 complement proteins produced by macrophages?

A

C2, C3, C4, C5, Factor B, Factor D, Factor P (properdin), Factor I

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22
Q

What are the 2 complement proteins produced by neutrophils?

A

C6, C7

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23
Q

Complement proteins act as?

A

opsonins and chemoattractants

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24
Q

What are C3a and C5a and what do they do?

A

they are anaphylatoxins which trigger mast cell degranulation and platelet activation which causes the release of vasoactive compounds

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25
What are the components of the Host complement pathway? Draw it
C3, C3b & a, Factor H, Factor I, C3d and iC3b
26
What does iC3b do?
acts as an opsonin and activate immune cells by binding complement receptors
27
What are the 3 complement receptors iC3b binds to?
CR1, CR3, CRIg
28
What are the components of the Microbe complement pathway? Draw it
C3, C3b&a, Factor B, Factor D, Ba, C3bBb, properdin
29
Why is C3 broken down in host cells?
Because it's an anaphylatoxin so you don't want it there for longer than it needs to be
30
What factor is lacking in the microbial cell?
Factor I
31
What complement components are involved in construction of the anchor molecule? Draw it
C5, C5C3b, C5 convertase (C3bBb or C4bC2b), C6, C7
32
What complement components are involved in the assembly of the MAC? Draw it
C9, C8, ANCHOR
33
Draw the lectin-binding pathway
draw it
34
What is the secondary usage of MASP2?
thrombin activation causing fibrin deposition during coagulation
35
Draw the classical pathway
draw it
36
For the classical pathway, how many IgM vs IgG are needed to bind C1Q?
1 IgM molecule and 2 IgG molecules because IgM is more efficient
37
What component inhibits the Classical pathway?
C1-INH
38
What components inhibit convertases by binding them thus increasing their rate of decay?
CD55, Factor H, Factor I, C4 binding protein, CD35 (CR1)
39
Where is CD55 found?
on RBCs, N, M0, lymphocytes, platelets, endothelial cells
40
What components inhibit the construction of MAC from C3b? How do these components do this?
CD59 (protectin), vitronectin, clusterin | block insertion of C56678 and polymerization of C9
41
What are the ligands for complement receptors 1 (CR1)?
C3b, C4b, iC3b
42
90% of CR1 are found on what? and why?
RBCs to attache to pathogens in circulation
43
What is the ligand for CR2? How does it work?
C3d | Forms complex with CD19 providing co-stimulatory signal for B cell activation
44
What is the ligand for CR3?
iC3b
45
What is CR3 expressed?
M0, N, T cells, NK cells, platelets
46
What are 3 things CR3 mediates?
phagocytosis, cytotoxicity, possibly clotting
47
Where are C3aR and C5aR found?
Ma, eosinophils, basophils
48
C3aR and C5aR are part of the pathogenesis of what? Why?
allergic reactions because they trigger release of vasoactive compounds (ex. histamine)
49
What is the ligand for C1QRs?
C1Q
50
What does C1QRs do?
influences Mo-M0 differentiation and DC migration
51
What are the ligands for CRIg?
C3b, iC3b
52
Where are CRIg found?
on tissue M0
53
What is CRIg involved in?
phagocytic removal of blood-borne pathogens
54
What is the function of C2a?
increase vascular permeability
55
What are the 4 functions of C3a?
anaphylatoxin/mast cell degranulation (therefore a potent inflammagen) eosinophil chemoattractant increase vascular permeability bacterolytic
56
What is the function of C3d?
immunoregulatory
57
What is the function of C1Q, C4b, iC3b, and C3b?
they are opsonins therefore they enhance phagocytic clearance
58
What are the 3 functions of C5a?
anaphylatoxin/mast cell degranulation (therefore a potent inflammagen) N, eosinophil, M0 chemoattractant/activation increase vascular permeability
59
What causes leukocyte adherence deficiency (BLAD) in cattle?
SNPs in CD18 therefore decreasing B2-integrin expression
60
What causes excessive C3b production?
SNP on Factor H
61
What predisposes an individual to asthama?
SNPS in C3, C5, C5aR and C3aR
62
What is the complement system activated by during coagulation-fibrinolysis?
kallikrein acting as a C3 convertase but can also be activated by coagulation factors, thrombin and plasmin
63
How does strepotococci overcome the complement system?
Its M proteins block opsinization by masking C3b binding sites
64
How does staphylococcus aureus overcome the complement system?
produced fibrinogen-binding proteins altering the shape of C3b so it cannot interact with Factor B
65
How does salmonella overcome the complement system?
has a gene call Rck which prevents insertion of MAC into the bacterial outer membrane

Comparative Immunology Midterm 2 (4 decks)

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