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Comparative Immunology Midterm 2 > Complement System > Flashcards

Complement System Flashcards

1
Q

Who discovered the complement system?

A

Jules Bordet

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2
Q

True or false - the complement system is conserved across invertebrates and vertebrates

A

True

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3
Q

How many different humoral proteins are there?

A

30

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4
Q

What are the three ways the complement system is activated?

A

carbohydrate PAMPS
antibodies bound to microbial antigens
coagulation and fibrinolytic systems

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5
Q

What does the Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) do?

A

punch holes in the microbial membrane to initiate osmotic lysis

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6
Q

What are the 3 pathways of the complement system that lead to the MAC?

A

alternative, lectin binding, classical

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7
Q

Which pathway is the oldest?

A

Alternative

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8
Q

What are the 2 oldest complement genes?

A

Factor B and C3

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9
Q

Gene duplications of C3 lead to?

A

C4 and C5

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10
Q

Gene duplication of Factor B led to?

A

C2

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11
Q

What pathway is 600 MYO?

A

Classical

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12
Q

Gene duplication in the Classical pathways led to?

A

C6-9

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13
Q

What pathway is 900 MYO?

A

Lectin Binding

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14
Q

The lectin binding pathway involves what key gene?

A

MASP

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15
Q

Gene duplication of MASP led to?

A

C1r and C1s

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16
Q

What are the two reasons all these pathway lead to formation of the MAC?

A

redundancy

each targets different molecules so a wide range of pathogen types can be recognized

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17
Q

What complement genes do chickens LACK?

A

C2, C9, MASP1 and properdin

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18
Q

What complement genes do teleost fish LACK?

A

MASP1 & MASP2

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19
Q

Why do we need to look at functional characteristics of complement genes in zebra fish?

A

because they have multiple copies of the same gene and other appear to be homologous to more than one gene

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20
Q

What are the 4 complement proteins produced by the liver?

A

C3, C6, C8 and Factor B

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21
Q

What are the 8 complement proteins produced by macrophages?

A

C2, C3, C4, C5, Factor B, Factor D, Factor P (properdin), Factor I

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22
Q

What are the 2 complement proteins produced by neutrophils?

A

C6, C7

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23
Q

Complement proteins act as?

A

opsonins and chemoattractants

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24
Q

What are C3a and C5a and what do they do?

A

they are anaphylatoxins which trigger mast cell degranulation and platelet activation which causes the release of vasoactive compounds

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25
Q

What are the components of the Host complement pathway? Draw it

A

C3, C3b & a, Factor H, Factor I, C3d and iC3b

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26
Q

What does iC3b do?

A

acts as an opsonin and activate immune cells by binding complement receptors

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27
Q

What are the 3 complement receptors iC3b binds to?

A

CR1, CR3, CRIg

28
Q

What are the components of the Microbe complement pathway? Draw it

A

C3, C3b&a, Factor B, Factor D, Ba, C3bBb, properdin

29
Q

Why is C3 broken down in host cells?

A

Because it’s an anaphylatoxin so you don’t want it there for longer than it needs to be

30
Q

What factor is lacking in the microbial cell?

A

Factor I

31
Q

What complement components are involved in construction of the anchor molecule? Draw it

A

C5, C5C3b, C5 convertase (C3bBb or C4bC2b), C6, C7

32
Q

What complement components are involved in the assembly of the MAC? Draw it

A

C9, C8, ANCHOR

33
Q

Draw the lectin-binding pathway

A

draw it

34
Q

What is the secondary usage of MASP2?

A

thrombin activation causing fibrin deposition during coagulation

35
Q

Draw the classical pathway

A

draw it

36
Q

For the classical pathway, how many IgM vs IgG are needed to bind C1Q?

A

1 IgM molecule and 2 IgG molecules because IgM is more efficient

37
Q

What component inhibits the Classical pathway?

A

C1-INH

38
Q

What components inhibit convertases by binding them thus increasing their rate of decay?

A

CD55, Factor H, Factor I, C4 binding protein, CD35 (CR1)

39
Q

Where is CD55 found?

A

on RBCs, N, M0, lymphocytes, platelets, endothelial cells

40
Q

What components inhibit the construction of MAC from C3b? How do these components do this?

A

CD59 (protectin), vitronectin, clusterin

block insertion of C56678 and polymerization of C9

41
Q

What are the ligands for complement receptors 1 (CR1)?

A

C3b, C4b, iC3b

42
Q

90% of CR1 are found on what? and why?

A

RBCs to attache to pathogens in circulation

43
Q

What is the ligand for CR2? How does it work?

A

C3d

Forms complex with CD19 providing co-stimulatory signal for B cell activation

44
Q

What is the ligand for CR3?

A

iC3b

45
Q

What is CR3 expressed?

A

M0, N, T cells, NK cells, platelets

46
Q

What are 3 things CR3 mediates?

A

phagocytosis, cytotoxicity, possibly clotting

47
Q

Where are C3aR and C5aR found?

A

Ma, eosinophils, basophils

48
Q

C3aR and C5aR are part of the pathogenesis of what? Why?

A

allergic reactions because they trigger release of vasoactive compounds (ex. histamine)

49
Q

What is the ligand for C1QRs?

A

C1Q

50
Q

What does C1QRs do?

A

influences Mo-M0 differentiation and DC migration

51
Q

What are the ligands for CRIg?

A

C3b, iC3b

52
Q

Where are CRIg found?

A

on tissue M0

53
Q

What is CRIg involved in?

A

phagocytic removal of blood-borne pathogens

54
Q

What is the function of C2a?

A

increase vascular permeability

55
Q

What are the 4 functions of C3a?

A

anaphylatoxin/mast cell degranulation (therefore a potent inflammagen)
eosinophil chemoattractant
increase vascular permeability
bacterolytic

56
Q

What is the function of C3d?

A

immunoregulatory

57
Q

What is the function of C1Q, C4b, iC3b, and C3b?

A

they are opsonins therefore they enhance phagocytic clearance

58
Q

What are the 3 functions of C5a?

A

anaphylatoxin/mast cell degranulation (therefore a potent inflammagen)
N, eosinophil, M0 chemoattractant/activation
increase vascular permeability

59
Q

What causes leukocyte adherence deficiency (BLAD) in cattle?

A

SNPs in CD18 therefore decreasing B2-integrin expression

60
Q

What causes excessive C3b production?

A

SNP on Factor H

61
Q

What predisposes an individual to asthama?

A

SNPS in C3, C5, C5aR and C3aR

62
Q

What is the complement system activated by during coagulation-fibrinolysis?

A

kallikrein acting as a C3 convertase but can also be activated by coagulation factors, thrombin and plasmin

63
Q

How does strepotococci overcome the complement system?

A

Its M proteins block opsinization by masking C3b binding sites

64
Q

How does staphylococcus aureus overcome the complement system?

A

produced fibrinogen-binding proteins altering the shape of C3b so it cannot interact with Factor B

65
Q

How does salmonella overcome the complement system?

A

has a gene call Rck which prevents insertion of MAC into the bacterial outer membrane

Comparative Immunology Midterm 2 (4 decks)

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