Acute Phase Response Flashcards

1
Q

The release of pro-inflammatory cytokines during the hsot inflammatory response effects what?

A

CNS, Bone Marrow equivalent tissues, Liver

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2
Q

How does CNS activation occur?

A

when pro-inflammatory cytokines bind to respective receptors on parasympathetic neurons and sympathetic neurons
ALSO when circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines diffuse into the brain or are produced in the brain

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3
Q

The activation of the SAM and HPA axis plays key roles in?

A

controlling inflammatory response and activating other physiological pathways to restore homeostasis

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4
Q

What does the “sickness response” activated by the hypothalamus entail?

A

fever, anorexia, sleepiness and depression

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5
Q

How does the fever response occur?

A

Due to unduction of prostaglandins by IL1, IL6 and TNFalpha

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6
Q

Fever enhances?

A

DC maturation and circulating lymphocyte numbers

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7
Q

Fever inhibits?

A

T-cell apoptosis

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8
Q

How the poikilotherms (ex. fish) achieve a response similar to fever?

A

swimming to warm water such as industry outflow

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9
Q

How does the sickness behaviour response occur?

A

due to pro-inflammatory cytokines

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10
Q

What does IL1 do?

A

promotes release of sleep-inducing molecules (ex. seretonin) and suppresses hunger signals leading to anorexia (ex. decreased neuropeptide Y)

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11
Q

What do IL1, IL6 and TNFalpha all do?

A

induce production of HMGB1

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12
Q

What is HMGB1?

A

an alarmin acting on the HP-axis to induce food aversion

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13
Q

Weight loss is exacerbated by?

A

pro-inflammatory cytokine induced muscle protein catabolism

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14
Q

What enhances Bone Marrow stem cell activity?

A

pro-inflammatory cytokines

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15
Q

What activates hepatocytes?

A

IL1, TNFalpha and ESPECIALLY IL6 and glucocorticoids

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16
Q

Hepatocytes effect synthesis of?

A

acute phase proteins

17
Q

What are 7 examples of acute phase proteins?

A

opsonins, complement proteins, iron binding proteins, free radical scavengers, proteolytic enzyme neutralizers, binding proteins, clotting factors

18
Q

What is the definition of APPs?

A

proteins whose serum concentrations change by 25% in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines during a disease process

19
Q

What are the three groups of positive APPs?

A

Major, moderate and minor

20
Q

What are Major APPs?

A

concentration increases 10-100x, peaking at 24-48 hours and rapidly returning to basal levels

21
Q

What are examples of Major APPs?

A

c-reactive protein, serum amyloid A

22
Q

What are moderate APPs?

A

concentrations increase 2-10x, peaking at 2-3 days and retunr to basal levels more slowly

23
Q

What are examples of moderate APPs?

A

haptoglobin, fibrinogen

24
Q

What are minor APPs?

A

concentration increases gradually around 1-2x

25
What is an exampled of a minor APP?
C3
26
What does C-reactive protein do?
acts as an opsonin, anti-inflammatory by inhibiting N degranulation and superoxide production and blocking platelet aggregation
27
What does serum amyloid A do?
pro-inflammatory chemoattractant for N and Mo, also an alarmin via TLR2
28
What do haptoglobin and transferrin do?
sequester iron
29
In mammals, transferrin is _______ but is ________ in chickens and zebrafish
negative, positive
30
In mammals, haptoglobin is _______ but is _______ in chickens
positive, negative
31
Major APP is a major APP in _____, it is a ______ APP in cattle and it is not found in other species.
pigs, moderate
32
What are the zebrafish APPs?
transferrin, serum ampyloid A, haptoglobin, hepcidin, leukocytes cell-derived chemotaxin 2 and C-reactive protein-like