Acute Phase Response

Question 1

The release of pro-inflammatory cytokines during the hsot inflammatory response effects what?

Answer 1

CNS, Bone Marrow equivalent tissues, Liver

Question 2

How does CNS activation occur?

Answer 2

when pro-inflammatory cytokines bind to respective receptors on parasympathetic neurons and sympathetic neurons
ALSO when circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines diffuse into the brain or are produced in the brain

Question 3

The activation of the SAM and HPA axis plays key roles in?

Answer 3

controlling inflammatory response and activating other physiological pathways to restore homeostasis

Question 4

What does the “sickness response” activated by the hypothalamus entail?

Answer 4

fever, anorexia, sleepiness and depression

Question 5

How does the fever response occur?

Answer 5

Due to unduction of prostaglandins by IL1, IL6 and TNFalpha

Question 6

Fever enhances?

Answer 6

DC maturation and circulating lymphocyte numbers

Question 7

Fever inhibits?

Answer 7

T-cell apoptosis

Question 8

How the poikilotherms (ex. fish) achieve a response similar to fever?

Answer 8

swimming to warm water such as industry outflow

Question 9

How does the sickness behaviour response occur?

Answer 9

due to pro-inflammatory cytokines

Question 10

What does IL1 do?

Answer 10

promotes release of sleep-inducing molecules (ex. seretonin) and suppresses hunger signals leading to anorexia (ex. decreased neuropeptide Y)

Question 11

What do IL1, IL6 and TNFalpha all do?

Answer 11

induce production of HMGB1

Question 12

What is HMGB1?

Answer 12

an alarmin acting on the HP-axis to induce food aversion

Question 13

Weight loss is exacerbated by?

Answer 13

pro-inflammatory cytokine induced muscle protein catabolism

Question 14

What enhances Bone Marrow stem cell activity?

Answer 14

pro-inflammatory cytokines

Question 15

What activates hepatocytes?

Answer 15

IL1, TNFalpha and ESPECIALLY IL6 and glucocorticoids

Question 16

Hepatocytes effect synthesis of?

Answer 16

acute phase proteins

Question 17

What are 7 examples of acute phase proteins?

Answer 17

opsonins, complement proteins, iron binding proteins, free radical scavengers, proteolytic enzyme neutralizers, binding proteins, clotting factors

Question 18

What is the definition of APPs?

Answer 18

proteins whose serum concentrations change by 25% in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines during a disease process

Question 19

What are the three groups of positive APPs?

Answer 19

Major, moderate and minor

Question 20

What are Major APPs?

Answer 20

concentration increases 10-100x, peaking at 24-48 hours and rapidly returning to basal levels

Question 21

What are examples of Major APPs?

Answer 21

c-reactive protein, serum amyloid A

Question 22

What are moderate APPs?

Answer 22

concentrations increase 2-10x, peaking at 2-3 days and retunr to basal levels more slowly

Question 23

What are examples of moderate APPs?

Answer 23

haptoglobin, fibrinogen

Question 24

What are minor APPs?

Answer 24

concentration increases gradually around 1-2x

Question 25

What is an exampled of a minor APP?

Answer 25

C3

Question 26

What does C-reactive protein do?

Answer 26

acts as an opsonin, anti-inflammatory by inhibiting N degranulation and superoxide production and blocking platelet aggregation

Question 27

What does serum amyloid A do?

Answer 27

pro-inflammatory chemoattractant for N and Mo, also an alarmin via TLR2

Question 28

What do haptoglobin and transferrin do?

Answer 28

sequester iron

Question 29

In mammals, transferrin is _______ but is ________ in chickens and zebrafish

Answer 29

negative, positive

Question 30

In mammals, haptoglobin is _______ but is _______ in chickens

Answer 30

positive, negative

Question 31

Major APP is a major APP in _____, it is a ______ APP in cattle and it is not found in other species.

Answer 31

pigs, moderate

Question 32

What are the zebrafish APPs?

Answer 32

transferrin, serum ampyloid A, haptoglobin, hepcidin, leukocytes cell-derived chemotaxin 2 and C-reactive protein-like